scholarly journals Nomads and Pastoralism: Linkage with Biodiversity Conservation in Upper Mustang, Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Pandey ◽  
M. Chetri
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Seasonal Grazing

In this paper we attempted to present a glimpse of linkage between the nomads living in the pasture of Upper Mustang and their role in biodiversity conservation. The nomadic rangeland in Upper Mustang region harbors endangered Trans-Himalayan species like snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan argali etc. with a variety of birds. It also harbors various medicinal species endemic to the region. Nomads are completely dependent on the livestock for the sustenance of their livelihood. There are only nine nomads families residing in rangelands of Upper Mustang, among them three families are resided in Lo- Manthang Panga area whereas four families in Dhalung/Chhujung area and one each in Lauchhe/Dhaknak area and Ghami Lekh area. Seasonal grazing is a customary practice for all nomadic families. Interview with the nomads (N=9) reveals that the grass availability in the pastures is in decreasing trend. They reveal increase in the number of snow leopard and blue sheep whereas the population of Tibetan Gazelle is in decreasing trend. Rijiphuwa and Pika are the two sites in Dhalung/Chhujung area where snow leopard and grey wolf are the main problem creators. In Lauchhe area (summer pasture) and Dhaknak area (summer pasture), grey wolf and snow leopard are the main problem animals. In comparison to other pasture, the families of Dhalung/Chhujung area faces higher number of livestock losses. Nomads use their own traditional measures to protect their livestock against predators. Large flocks of goats/sheep often come from Tibet to Dhalung/Chhujung area which increases the pressure during the summer and is also the root cause for the deterioration of the pasture. The daily activities of Tibetan nomads have created disturbances resulting adverse impacts on the biodiversity. During summer, the habitat of Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan wild ass is badly affected. Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, nomad, pastoralism, Upper Mustangdoi:10.3126/on.v3i1.333Our Nature (2005) 3: 42-49

scholarly journals The zoological yearbook Selevinia: an overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (19) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Kovshar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Central Scientific

Since 1993, the first zoological journal Selevinia has been launched in Almaty. Selevinia publishes articles in various branches of zoology, including taxonomy, fauna, parasitology, and many others. The articles published in the journal contain information on the fauna of Kazakhstan and neighbouring countries. Articles on the fauna, as well as on ecology and animal behaviour predominate. In total, 963 scientific works (495 articles, 155 short reports, and 313 notes) were published in the first 20 volumes of the journal (1993–2013), including 132 theriological articles. A bibliographic review of theriological articles is given, in particular about the composition of fauna (3) and on several species of different systematic groups, e.g. rodents and bats (5), ungulates (5), and carnivorans (16). Among the latter, articles on representatives of the family Felidae predominate, such as on the Turkestan lynx (Lynx lynx isabellinus), the caracal (Lynx caracal), the African wildcat (Felis lybica), the snow leopard (Uncia uncia), and the leopard (Panthera pardus). All issues of the journal are freely available online. According to the interlibrary exchange, the journal reaches 63 libraries in 35 countries. Some articles are published in English, the rest having English summary that facilitates access by foreign readers to scientific articles published in the journal. Selevinia issues for 2012-2019 are posted electronically with full access to texts on several websites, including the websites of the Institute of Zoology of Kazakhstan, the Central Scientific Library of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, and the Kazakhstan Association for Biodiversity Conservation.

scholarly journals Occurrence of large carnivores – Lynx lynx, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos – and of Felis silvestris in the Czech Republic and western Slovakia in 2012–2016 (Carnivora)

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kutal ◽  
Elisa Belotti ◽  
Josefa Volfová ◽  
Tereza Mináriková ◽  
Luděk Bufka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Felis Silvestris ◽  
Eurasian Lynx ◽  
The Czech Republic

Abstract In the last decades, large carnivores – the grey wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and brown bear (Ursus arctos), and to a certain extent also the wildcat (Felis silvestris) – have increased their distribution ranges throughout Europe. Monitoring of their current distribution and population trends in the Czech Republic is crucial for the effective conservation and elimination of possible conflicts with humans in the future. In the last years, many projects focused on small-scale monitoring of large carnivores were implemented in the Czech Republic and the neighbouring mountain ranges of Slovakia. Using their results, we compiled the dataset from different regions and analysed the recent distribution of large carnivores and the wildcat. The distribution maps are based on verified data on the presence and reproduction in 2012–2016. This is consistent with the standardized methodology used across Europe. The Eurasian lynx was the most widespread of all large carnivore species in the Czech Republic, with the two trans-boundary populations (Carpathian and Bohemian-Bavarian-Austrian) occupying 94 out of 868 squares (10.8%) of the mapping grid of the Czech Republic. Reproduction was confirmed in 46.8% of the occupied squares. The grey wolf occupied 6.8% of the squares in the Czech Republic and its reproduction was confirmed in 10.2% of the occupied squares. Three reproducing packs belonging to the Central European lowland population were confirmed and the area occupied by the species increased three times within the study period. The brown bear occupied 2.8% of the squares of the Czech Republic – the area is restricted to the Carpathians – with no signs of reproduction; its distribution fluctuated heavily during the study period. The wildcat occupied the smallest range of the Czech Republic among the studied species (1.4% of the squares) but its reproduction was confirmed in a trans-boundary area (White Carpathians) at the Slovakian side of the border. The wildcat also significantly increased its range from one to six squares during the study period.

scholarly journals Cats, canines, and coexistence: dietary differentiation between the sympatric Snow Leopard and Grey Wolf in the western landscape of Nepal Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 13815-13821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Kanchan Thapa ◽  
Samundra Ambuhang Subba ◽  
Maheshwar Dhakal ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Devkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Prey Limitation

Understanding the dietary habits of sympatric apex carnivores advances our knowledge of ecological processes and aids their conservation. We compared the diets of the sympatric Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Grey Wolf Canis lupus using standard micro-histological analyses of scats collected from the western complex of Nepal Himalaya. Our study revealed one of the highest recorded contributions of livestock to the diet of top predators (55% for Grey Wolf and 39% for Snow Leopard) and high dietary overlap (0.82) indicating potential exploitative or interference competition. Their diet composition, however, varied significantly based on their consumption of wild and domestic prey. Limitation in data precludes predicting direction and outcome of inter-specific interactions between these predators. Our findings suggest a high rate of negative interaction with humans in the region and plausibly retaliatory killings of these imperilled predators. To ensure the sustained survival of these two apex carnivores, conservation measures should enhance populations of their wild prey species while reducing livestock losses of the local community through preventive and mitigative interventions.

scholarly journals Biodiversity Conservation in Road Projects: Lessons from World Bank Experience in Latin America

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Ledec ◽  
Paula J. Posas
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Road Projects

The unprecedented and irreversible loss of biodiversity in modern times is caused primarily by the elimination or degradation of natural habitats. Because the construction and improvement of roads sometimes lead, directly or indirectly, to the loss and degradation of natural habitats, road construction and biodiversity aims are often at odds. However, many potentially serious conflicts between road projects and biodiversity conservation can be avoided. Induced negative impacts can be minimized by careful project siting. Where some natural habitat loss is inevitable, appropriate mitigation may include establishment of strict protection zones alongside the road or compensatory protected areas elsewhere. Such mitigation requires effective collaboration, for example, between the agencies responsible for roads and protected areas. Direct adverse impacts of road works on biodiversity also can be significant but are generally simpler to avoid or mitigate because they are more fully under the control of road construction agencies, contractors, and concessionaires. Biodiversity loss and environmental damage can be considerably reduced when planners and road construction agencies site roads adjacent to existing railways, pipelines, or transmission lines; practice sound road engineering; maintain good drainage and natural water flows; minimize roadside habitat loss; and exercise care in the siting and design of borrow pits, construction camps, and other complementary facilities. Environmental rules for contractors, including transparent penalties for noncompliance, need to be incorporated in bidding documents and contracts. Ideally, road projects are designed and implemented so as to avoid or compensate adequately for any adverse impacts on natural habitats and biodiversity. Through mitigation measures, potentially controversial projects can even produce significant net environmental benefits—a win-win outcome.

scholarly journals Utilization and Impacts of Biotechnology on Phytoremediation Processes and Biodiversity Conservation

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
K. Karthik ◽  
P.S. Sharavanan
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Technological Application ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Biotechnology Application

Biotechnology is fast emerging globally as a very dominant economic sector. And any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives there to make or modify products or processes for specific importance. The present study of investigation is based on application of biotechnology may help full to develop biodiversity level or it give adverse impacts of biotechnology application of biodiversity loss.

scholarly journals 190 A PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN FIBROBLASTS FROM WILD ANIMALS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Caamaño ◽  
M. Hermsen ◽  
J. Marcos ◽  
A. Meana ◽  
C. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Skin Fibroblasts ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Striped Dolphin ◽  
Pyrenean Chamois

The number of wild animals threatened or at risk of extinction constantly increases and, as a result, biodiversity decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to set in motion proceedings to preserve the genetic variability and to overcome factors leading to this situation. Banks of cryopreserved cells, such as skin fibroblasts, from wild animals could be used both for genetic studies and as a cell source for technologies able to reproduce individuals. In this study we report that a single basic protocol provides a method for obtaining, culturing, and cryopreserving skin fibroblasts from a wide range of wild animals. Skin biopsies were taken in Cantabria (Spain) from live, anesthetized brown bear (Ursus arctos, n = 4), and in Asturias (Spain) from carcasses of accidentally killed individuals from the following species: grey wolf (Canis lupus, n = 1), red fox (Vulpes vulpes, n = 1), eurasian badger (Meles meles, n = 1), ermine (Mustela erminea, n = 1), fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 7), pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica, n = 1), western roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 1), wild boar (Sus scrofa, n = 1), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba, n = 1) and one avian species, capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus, n = 1). Once obtained and transported to the laboratory, all samples were processed identically. Tissue samples were manually cut into small pieces and enzymatically digested with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain) for 30 min, and then with collagenase (300 units/mL) (Sigma) for 14 h at 38°C. Disaggregated cells were centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 10 min and the pellet was diluted with D-MEM (Sigma) containing 10% FBS. Cells were counted and a minimum of 3 × 105 cells were placed in a 25 cm2 flask for culture under 5% CO2 in air and high humidity at 37°C (red fox, badger, ermine, western roe deer) or 38°C (brown bear, grey wolf, fallow deer, pyrenean chamois, wild boar, striped dolphin, capercaillie). Confluent fibroblast monolayers were obtained after 5–7 days in culture except for the striped dolphin whose sample was contaminated. Two to three passages were performed using 75 cm2 flasks before freezing fibroblasts in D-MEM containing 10% DMSO (Sigma) and 10% FBS. Total cell yield from a confluent flask was 5–11 × 106 cells, depending on the animal species. Fibroblasts recovered from all thawed samples grew to confluence, and karyotypes were performed at this step. It was possible to obtain, culture, freeze, and thaw skin fibroblasts successfully from all the above-mentioned land species. Although more research is needed, preliminary data suggest that the above-described procedure can be applied to mammals and birds, thus helping to preserve genetic material of wild animals. Grant Support: Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Ordenación del Territorios e Infraestructuras, Asturias, SPAIN. The authors acknowledge CEPESMA, Luarca, Asturias, SPAIN.

scholarly journals Mountain Mammals in Pakistan

Oryx ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Schaller
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Marco Polo ◽  
The Status

The author spent eleven months between 1970 and 1975 studying the wildlife of the high mountains in northern Pakistan, especially the large mammals that are endangered in Pakistan. He describes the status of nine, of which the brown bear is on the verge of extinction there (although commonly seen in the form of performing bears in city streets), while the Kashmir markhor, snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep are in serious danger. Despite the protection laws and new reserves, including a new national park, the rule is still too often ‘if it moves shoot it, if it doesn't chop it down’.

scholarly journals Identifying habitat use of Ursus arctos, Lynx lynx martinoi and Canis lupus lupus in Albanian forests using occupancy modelling

Hacquetia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347
Author(s):  
Kuenda Laze
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Local Extinction ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Large Carnivore ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Forested Areas

AbstractForests are the principal terrestrial ecosystem for protected and endangered large carnivores, providing the main habitat for species maintenance and survival. Changes in forest cover influence species distribution. The aim was (1) to test hypotheses on the natural environmental (abiotic) and biological (biotic) factors and human disturbances that determine the colonization and local extinction of three large carnivore species in relation to forest cover, (2) to infer the biotic interactions between these three large carnivore species occupying the same forested areas in Albania. Colonization is estimated to be positively affected by forest cover for brown bear, Balkan lynx and grey wolf. Brown bear and grey wolf tend to compete for the same forested areas. Local extinction increased with decreasing forest cover for brown bear and increased with decreasing mixed broadleaved forests for Balkan lynx. Anthropological variables (proximity to villages and to neighbourhood roads) increased local extinction for brown bear, grey wolf and Balkan lynx. Further studies are recommended for better understanding biotic interactions of large carnivore species in forest habitats in Albania and its neighbouring countries, which could contribute to conservation of large carnivore species on a large scale.

Application Of Electron Microscopy To Automotive Finish Defect Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Martin J. Mahon ◽  
Patrick W. Keating ◽  
John T. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Automotive Finish

Coatings are applied to appliances, instruments and automobiles for a variety of reasons including corrosion protection and enhancement of market value. Automobile finishes are a highly complex blend of polymeric materials which have a definite impact on the eventual ability of a car to sell. Consumers report that the gloss of the finish is one of the major items they look for in an automobile.With the finish being such an important part of the automobile, there is a zero tolerance for paint defects by auto assembly plant management. Owing to the increased complexity of the paint matrix and its inability to be “forgiving” when foreign materials are introduced into a newly applied finish, the analysis of paint defects has taken on unparalleled importance. Scanning electron microscopy with its attendant x-ray analysis capability is the premier method of examining defects and attempting to identify their root cause.Defects are normally examined by cutting out a coupon sized portion of the autobody and viewing in an SEM at various angles.

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