scholarly journals Cats, canines, and coexistence: dietary differentiation between the sympatric Snow Leopard and Grey Wolf in the western landscape of Nepal Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 13815-13821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Kanchan Thapa ◽  
Samundra Ambuhang Subba ◽  
Maheshwar Dhakal ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Devkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Prey Limitation

Understanding the dietary habits of sympatric apex carnivores advances our knowledge of ecological processes and aids their conservation. We compared the diets of the sympatric Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Grey Wolf Canis lupus using standard micro-histological analyses of scats collected from the western complex of Nepal Himalaya. Our study revealed one of the highest recorded contributions of livestock to the diet of top predators (55% for Grey Wolf and 39% for Snow Leopard) and high dietary overlap (0.82) indicating potential exploitative or interference competition. Their diet composition, however, varied significantly based on their consumption of wild and domestic prey. Limitation in data precludes predicting direction and outcome of inter-specific interactions between these predators. Our findings suggest a high rate of negative interaction with humans in the region and plausibly retaliatory killings of these imperilled predators. To ensure the sustained survival of these two apex carnivores, conservation measures should enhance populations of their wild prey species while reducing livestock losses of the local community through preventive and mitigative interventions.

scholarly journals Indian Grey Wolf and Striped Hyaena sharing from the same bowl: High niche overlap between top predators in a human-dominated landscape

2021 ◽  
pp. e01682
Author(s):  
Tanoy Mukherjee ◽  
Ishita Chongder ◽  
Shankhamala Ghosh ◽  
Akash dutta ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Top Predators

scholarly journals Snow Leopard Dietary Preferences and Livestock Predation Revealed by Fecal DNA Metabarcoding: No Evidence for Apparent Competition Between Wild and Domestic Prey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Lu ◽  
Lingyun Xiao ◽  
Chen Cheng ◽  
Zhi Lu ◽  
Jindong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Livestock Predation ◽  
Prey Preferences ◽  
Livestock Density ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Snow Leopards

Accurate assessments of the patterns and drivers of livestock depredation by wild carnivores are vital for designing effective mitigation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Snow leopard’s (Panthera uncia) range extensively overlaps pastoralist land-use and livestock predation there is widely reported, but the ecological determinants of livestock consumption by snow leopards remain obscure. We investigated snow leopard dietary habits at seven sites across the Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), an area central to the species’ global range. Snow leopard abundance, wild prey composition, and livestock density varied among those sites, thus allowing us to test the effects of various factors on snow leopard diet and livestock predation. Using DNA metabarcoding, we obtained highly resolved dietary data from 351 genetically verified snow leopard fecal samples. We then analyzed the prey preferences of snow leopards and examined ecological factors related to their livestock consumption. Across the sites, snow leopard prey was composed mainly of wild ungulates (mean = 81.5% of dietary sequences), particularly bharal (Pseudois nayaur), and supplemented with livestock (7.62%) and smaller mammals (marmots, pikas, mice; 10.7%). Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bharal, relative to livestock, based on their densities. Interestingly, both proportional and total livestock consumption by snow leopards increased linearly with local livestock biomass, but not with livestock density. That, together with a slight negative relationship with bharal density, supports apparent facilitation between wild and domestic prey. We also found a significant positive correlation between population densities of snow leopard and bharal, yet those densities showed slight negative relationships with livestock density. Our results highlight the importance of sufficient wild ungulate abundance to the conservation of viable snow leopard populations. Additionally, livestock protection is critically needed to reduce losses to snow leopard depredation, especially where local livestock abundances are high.

scholarly journals Variaciones espaciales y ontogenéticas en la dieta de un plecóptero de amplia distribución Claudioperla tigrina Klapálek (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
María Celina Reynaga ◽  
Natalia Dávalos ◽  
Carlos Molineri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Definition Of

Dietary information gives insight into several ecological processes acting in lotic ecosystems. This work aimed: 1) to identify the dietary habits of Claudioperla tigrina immature stages along a wide altitudinal as well as latitudinal gradient in North Argentina; 2) to define the functional feeding group (FFG) of C. tigrina; 3) to evaluate differences in diet in the studied sites. Studied nymphs were collected from localities widely scattered in Northwestern Argentina and they fell into different developmental stages (four size classes). The ingested material was extracted from the foregut and midgut by using thorax ventral dissection. Dietary profiles were analyzed through the estimation of parameters associated with a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution. ANOVA’s were performed for each food item using sites as factor. Multidimensional Scaling was used to identify sites with similar dietary profiles. An analysis of food-niche breadth was also performed to evaluate the degree of dietary diversification for the resources consumed in each site. Mouthparts are similar across the different size classes, excepting the increasing sclerotization recorded with age. Mouthparts retained most of the typical chewing groundplan, showing relatively short labial and maxillar palps, and strong, sclerotized and denticulated mandibles and maxillae. Our results pointed out that the nymphs of C. tigrina always ingest two or more food items (CPOM, FPOM, invertebrates and algae), suggesting thus a flexible diet. The diet changed in relation to body size, while finer particles were consumed in the early stages, larger particles were ingested in final stages. Coarse particulate organic matter was the dominant food item, with signals of shredding during ingestion. Differences between sites for FPOM, invertebrates, algae and sediment were detected, but not for MOPG. Correlations were obtained for the first two axis of the MDS analysis. Sites AP, LT, LI, C and M (Yungas Rainforest and Humid Grassland) were negatively correlated with the axis 1 which was associated with increased consumption of FPOM. On the positive side of the axis the site P (High Andes) is associated with a greater proportion of invertebrates and sediment. The sites IN (Humid Grassland) and LR (Argentine Northwest Monte and Thistle of the Prepuna) were located at the positive domain of axis 2 which is in turn associated with a greater count of algae in the dietary contents. We found significant differences in the quantity of secondary items, and this is likely related with the resources environmental availability. The FFG of Claudioperla tigrina is primarily shredder/collector-gatherer in Yungas Rainforest and Humid Grassland shredder/predator in High Andes. FFG classification of C. tigrina and the definition of their role for organic matter processing is an important step for future studies based on functional groups such as analysis of food webs.

scholarly journals The Effects of Early Girl-Child Marriage in Mutasa District- Manicaland Province: A Cases Of Samanga ‘A’Ward in Honde Valley

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Offard Kanjanda ◽  
Getrude Vongai Chiparange
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Local Community ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Cluster Technique ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
The Government

Girl-child marriages in the developing countries of the world have caused a lot of suffering on the girl-children. According to Giddens (2009) issues of poverty, cultural practices, and political instability and gender inequalities have been noted as some of the major causes of girl-child marriages in developing countries. The situation has caused great concern to the communities of the global village because of the serious damages on the victims. Gage (2011) states that the status quo was exacerbated by the historical gender inequalities that continue to exist within families systems and place the girl-child an inferior citizen in her country. The girl-child remained vulnerable and segregated particularly, in educational advancement which is the key to self-empowerment, knowledge and skills development because of the high rate of girl-child marriage in the area. It appears there is little significant research on the matter in the developing countries. In order to establish some strategies to promote the girl-child’s life-skills a study was conducted in Samanga ‘A’ in Honde Valley in Manicaland Province- Zimbabwe. From a population of 1500 a sample size of 100 participants was selected using the cluster, systematic and purposive techniques because of their appropriateness to the two paradigms (Punch, 2009). Cluster technique was employed because the participants lived in different kraal-heads. The systematic technique was engaged because the participants were selected from every tenth household in each of the five kraal-heads. The purposive technique was used to select the influential participants such as local community leaders and the victims of early girl-child marriage. Marshall and Roseman (2006) support that purposive technique in qualitative study because the participants are powerful sources of information that is needed. Both qualitative and the quantitative paradigms were used in the study because some aspects of the study required simple response, while some of the questions demanded the participants’ in-depth knowledge on the problem (Newman, 2010). A case study methodology was adopted because of its ability to focus on a specific issue in a concerned area (Croll, 2010). Data were collected through the use of direct observation, questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions and interviews. The data were descriptively analysed. The research revealed that the prevalence of early girl-child marriage was perpetuated by the society’s cultural deprivation ideology which has since seen the girl-child discriminated in her efforts for self - empowerment through education. The study recommended that there is need for the government to enforce and implement gender-sensitive policies which aim at protecting the girl-child in-order to enhance economic, social, cultural and political transformation for sustainable development in the community.

scholarly journals Conhecimento botânico e representações ambientais em uma comunidade rural no Domínio Atlântico: bases para conservação local

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Taboada Soldati ◽  
Reinaldo Duque-Brasil ◽  
Taline Cristina Da Silva ◽  
France Maria Gontijo Coelho ◽  
Ulysses Paulino De Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Starting Point

This paper aimed to contribute to building conservation strategies, evaluating specific realitiesand knowledge of the local communities that manage the landscape. In this ethnobotanical study, the knowledge of a ruralcommunity and the local concerns about an Atlantic Forest fragment, currently under legal protection, at Viçosa, MinasGerais, are presented. Data from 26 participants was collected using a series of ethnobotanical methods, such as semistructuredinterviews, free lists, guided tours and cognitive maps. A total of 134 species were recognized. Apuleialeiocarpa (Caesalpinaceae), Xylopia sericea (Annonaceae), Myrcia fallax (Myrtaceae), Ocotea odorifera (Lauraceae) andPiptadenia gonoacantha (Mimosaceae) were the most recorded. Resources were divided into six use categories, andconstruction was the most important. The Collective Subject Discourse analysis about environmental concerns revealeda detailed knowledge of a variety of ecological processes, such as the diversity of plants, animals and vegetation types,plant interactions and the presence of bioindicators. The results provide an initial description of the relationship betweenthe local community research partner and the forest fragment that was studied, being a starting point for the proposals tothe biodiversity conservation considering the local reality.

scholarly journals Community-based Bamboo Stands Management in the Kali Bekasi Watershed, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Febriana Utami ◽  
Hadi Susilo Arifin ◽  
HSA Nurhayati ◽  
Syartinilia Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Local Ecological Knowledge ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Tree Species Diversity ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Downstream Area

A high rate of vegetation clearing around the upper stream of Kali Bekasi watershed currently causes various environmental problems, such as floods. The impacts occur predominantly in downstream area, mostly affecting cities, due to a disruption of the ecosystem in the upper stream. The main function of the upper stream to humans is acting as a buffer to protect downstream areas from flooding, run-off, as well as biodiversity protection. To achieve this, many varieties of plant are grown including bamboo plantations, which serve as a buffer plants on critical land especially with steep contours. In this study we aim to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of different bamboo stands buffering to improve information for making management recommendation. We examine different points along the stream by mapping bamboo distribution, analyzing bamboo and non-bamboo (tree) stands diversity and biomass, and provide recommendations for bamboo management based on combining our findings with local ecological knowledge. We implemented image classification analysis for classifying bamboo and non-bamboo land use cover. We also measured bamboo and non-bamboo diversity by using Shannon’s-Wienner diversity index. Our results showed that bamboo occupies approximately 5,360.89 ha or 11.39% of total area with six bamboo species. The highest bamboo diversity index was in the upper part of the Kali Bekasi watershed (0.62). In contrary, the highest bamboo biomass index was found in the lower part of the upper stream of Kali Bekasi watershed (98.96 ton ha-1). We also discovered about 29 species of tree (230 trees) and 27 above-ground plant species in the surveyed area. As a result of our findings, we propose a shift towards bamboo agroforestry management in a mixed garden of talun form, where the community implement their local knowledge on bamboo cultivation and management to maintain the bamboo. This option could improve cooperation among farmers and the local community in order to conserve bamboo and tree species diversity in harmony to local wisdom.

scholarly journals Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10793
Author(s):  
Romaan Hayat Khattak ◽  
Liwei Teng ◽  
Tahir Mehmood ◽  
Shakeel Ahmad ◽  
Fathul Bari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Golden Jackal ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Apex Predators ◽  
Livestock Predation

The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (Panthera pardus), grey wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), and wild boar (Sus scrofa)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.

scholarly journals Konteks Lembaga dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Pengurangan Kematian Bayi di Kabupaten Kupang

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-352
Author(s):  
Mariayani Rene ◽  
Kismartini Kismartini ◽  
Hartuti Purnaweni
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
And Child Health

Policy implementation is a complex process because there are many conditions affect in the process. One of them is the institutional context, as a corridor which policy must travel. Maternal and child health is an important policy in Indonesia, this is related to the high rate of infant mortality in Indonesia. One of the highst infrant Mortality rate in Indonesia is Kupang Regency, therefore the regencyal government made a Regional Regulation (Perda) No 3 of 2016 for reduce mother and infrant mortality. The purpose of this study is to analyze the institutional context in implementing of Perda No. 3 Tahun 2016 for reduce infant mortality in Kupang Regency by Najam (1995). This study use qualitative descriptive. The results show the problem of institutional context in policy implementation for reduce infrant moratlity in Kupang Regency are: the subdistrict head and headman are less active in carrying out their duties, lack of society participation. Another problem in institutional context in this policy is conditions of environmental in Kupang Regency, such as geographical conditions, Poor Education, poor sanitation, and also the traditional festival Se'i by the Local Community. Keywords: Policy Implementation, Institutional Context, Infant Mortality Abstrak Implementasi kebijakan merupakan suatu proses yang kompleks, karena ada berbagai kondisi yang turut berpengaruh dalam prosesnya, salah satunya adalah konteks lembaga, sebagai prosedur operasi yang harus dilalui sebuah kebijakan dalam proses implementasinya. Kebijakan kesehatan ibu dan anak merupakan sebuah kebijakan yang penting di Indonesia, hal ini berkenaan dengan tingginya Angka KematianBayi (AKB) Indonesia. Salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang memiliki AKB yang tinggi ialah Kabupaten Kupang, oleh karena itu pemerintah Kabupaten Kupang membuat sebuah kebijakan berupa Perda No. 3 Tahun 2016 tentang KIBBLA untuk mengurangi kematian ibu dan khususnya kematian bayi. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis konteks dalam implementasi kebijakan Perda No. 3 tahun 2016, dengan mengacu pada teori model implementasi Najam (1995). Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan permasalahan yang muncul pada konteks lembaga dalam implementasi kebijaka pengurangan kematian bayi ialah kurangnya peran aktif dari Lurah dan Kepala desa dalam melaksanakan apa yang menjadi tanggung jawab mereka dalam implementasi kebijakan, serta kurangnya partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat. Realitas lingkungan Kabupaten Kupang, berupa kondisi geografis, tingkat pendidikan, buruknya sanitasi, dan juga tradisi Se’i oleh masyarakat setempat juga menjadi hambatan dalam implementasi kebijakan. Kata Kunci: Implementasi Kebijakan, Konteks Lembaga, Angka Kematian Bayi

scholarly journals Nomads and Pastoralism: Linkage with Biodiversity Conservation in Upper Mustang, Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Pandey ◽  
M. Chetri
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Snow Leopard ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Seasonal Grazing

In this paper we attempted to present a glimpse of linkage between the nomads living in the pasture of Upper Mustang and their role in biodiversity conservation. The nomadic rangeland in Upper Mustang region harbors endangered Trans-Himalayan species like snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan argali etc. with a variety of birds. It also harbors various medicinal species endemic to the region. Nomads are completely dependent on the livestock for the sustenance of their livelihood. There are only nine nomads families residing in rangelands of Upper Mustang, among them three families are resided in Lo- Manthang Panga area whereas four families in Dhalung/Chhujung area and one each in Lauchhe/Dhaknak area and Ghami Lekh area. Seasonal grazing is a customary practice for all nomadic families. Interview with the nomads (N=9) reveals that the grass availability in the pastures is in decreasing trend. They reveal increase in the number of snow leopard and blue sheep whereas the population of Tibetan Gazelle is in decreasing trend. Rijiphuwa and Pika are the two sites in Dhalung/Chhujung area where snow leopard and grey wolf are the main problem creators. In Lauchhe area (summer pasture) and Dhaknak area (summer pasture), grey wolf and snow leopard are the main problem animals. In comparison to other pasture, the families of Dhalung/Chhujung area faces higher number of livestock losses. Nomads use their own traditional measures to protect their livestock against predators. Large flocks of goats/sheep often come from Tibet to Dhalung/Chhujung area which increases the pressure during the summer and is also the root cause for the deterioration of the pasture. The daily activities of Tibetan nomads have created disturbances resulting adverse impacts on the biodiversity. During summer, the habitat of Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan wild ass is badly affected. Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, nomad, pastoralism, Upper Mustangdoi:10.3126/on.v3i1.333Our Nature (2005) 3: 42-49

Predation of top predators: cane toad consumption of bullet ants in a Panamanian lowland wet forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Nest Density ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Ant Nest ◽  
Lowland Wet Forest

Abstract:Despite a clear consensus about the major roles that predators play in shaping ecological communities, descriptive studies of interactions between ecologically important top predator species are underreported. Native cane toad consumption of predatory bullet ant nests was verified through multiple, independent observations taken on Pipeline Road, Panama. Cane toad predation led to the extirpation of 42% of the nests within a 1.05 km2 area that is characterized as a late-successional wet forest. This predation pressure could be significant given the high rate of predation events and low bullet ant nest density observed here (0.12 nests ha−1). Implications of this interaction for the local bullet ant population, possible top-down effects and trophic cascades resulting from this top predator interaction are discussed.

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