Assamese Monkeys in Nagarjun Forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal

The population distribution and diurnal behavior of Assamese monkey Macaca assamensis were studied in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal and data collected during Dec. 2011 to March 12 by scan sampling methods along with application of ArcGIS software. Seven bisexual troops were observed in subtropical/lower temperate forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and its marginal areas near to human settlement. The observed smallest troop was with 12 individuals while the largest troop had 35 individuals of different age. The average troop size is 23.71 with standard deviation 9.22. Out of three broad age groups adults were 40.27%, immature 42.95% and infants were 14.09 %. The sex ratio between male and female was 1:1.03.A troop was selected as focal troop for behavioral study after habituation. Foraging/eating covered 46% of total observed time while resting 19%, locomotion 16%, sleeping 12%, grooming 6%, and playing 1%. Some other behavior noticed such as aggression, copulation, stone licking, coughing and sniffing for short duration. Young and tender leaves as well as burgeoning twigs were primary sources of food (38.24 %) for winter followed by seeds (35.29%, moss and epiphytes (14.71%), insects (5.88%) and others 5.88%. while water drinking was never observed. All troops in Shivapuri forest were found residing on the steep cliffs along with river bank while Nagarjun forest troops used cliff as well as tall trees.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013: 12-24

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Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001.27.4.199 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 199-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Peter Hartmann

Keyword(s):

Principal Axis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Principal Component ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Male And Female ◽

Two Samples ◽

Diminishing Returns ◽

The One ◽

Armed Services ◽

Principal Axis Factor

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”

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The DEVELOPMENT OF Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST POPULATION AFTER INTRODUCTION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF OIL PALM FRUIT SET IN SERAM ISLAND, MOLLUCAS, INDONESIA

Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit ◽

10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v24i1.7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Agus Eko Prasetyo ◽

Agus Susanto

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Average Risk ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Male And Female ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

North Sumatra ◽

Female Flowers ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the main pollinating agent in oil palm plantations in Indonesia today. The development of oil palm plantations in new areas requires introduction of these insects, moreover the new areas are located on different islands. First introduction of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust had been done from North Sumatra to Seram Island on 23 September 2013. The introduction was performed on larva and pupa stadium in 4-5 days post anthesising of male inflorescences. The introduction of E. kamerunicus using plywood boxes has an average risk of death by 7.89% at 6 days delivery period. Observation before releasing of the weevils showed that this insect was not detected in both of oil palm male and female flowers and the oil palm fruit set was very low approximately 11.27%. For about 500 weevils/ha were released in Marnuhu estate and could be developed into 362,401 weevils/ha in 5 months with 97.86% of oil palm sex ratio. The oil palm fruit sets were increased after 1 and 2 months introduction, 53.70% and 75.56 %, respectively. The lower sex ratio of oil palm or the more availability of male inflorescences make growth of E. kamerunicus population became faster and the greater number of weevils that visiting anthesising of female flowers make the higher value of oil palm fruit set.

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The DEVELOPMENT OF Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST POPULATION AFTER INTRODUCTION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF OIL PALM FRUIT SET IN SERAM ISLAND, MOLLUCAS, INDONESIA

Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit ◽

10.22302/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v24i1.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Agus Eko Prasetyo ◽

Agus Susanto

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Average Risk ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Male And Female ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

North Sumatra ◽

Female Flowers ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the main pollinating agent in oil palm plantations in Indonesia today. The development of oil palm plantations in new areas requires introduction of these insects, moreover the new areas are located on different islands. First introduction of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust had been done from North Sumatra to Seram Island on 23 September 2013. The introduction was performed on larva and pupa stadium in 4-5 days post anthesising of male inflorescences. The introduction of E. kamerunicus using plywood boxes has an average risk of death by 7.89% at 6 days delivery period. Observation before releasing of the weevils showed that this insect was not detected in both of oil palm male and female flowers and the oil palm fruit set was very low approximately 11.27%. For about 500 weevils/ha were released in Marnuhu estate and could be developed into 362,401 weevils/ha in 5 months with 97.86% of oil palm sex ratio. The oil palm fruit sets were increased after 1 and 2 months introduction, 53.70% and 75.56 %, respectively. The lower sex ratio of oil palm or the more availability of male inflorescences make growth of E. kamerunicus population became faster and the greater number of weevils that visiting anthesising of female flowers make the higher value of oil palm fruit set.

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Sperm Competition and the Dynamics of X Chromosome Drive: Stability and Extinction

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/160.4.1721 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 160 (4) ◽

pp. 1721-1731 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jesse E Taylor ◽

John Jaenike

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Sperm Competition ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Basin Of Attraction ◽

Male Mating ◽

Male And Female ◽

Mating Rate ◽

Female Mating ◽

Balanced Polymorphism

AbstractSeveral empirical studies of sperm competition in populations polymorphic for a driving X chromosome have revealed that Sex-ratio males (those carrying a driving X) are at a disadvantage relative to Standard males. Because the frequency of the driving X chromosome determines the population-level sex ratio and thus alters male and female mating rates, the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition for sex chromosome meiotic drive are subtle. As the SR allele increases in frequency, the ratio of females to males also increases, causing an increase in the male mating rate and a decrease in the female mating rate. While the former change may exacerbate the disadvantage of Sex-ratio males during sperm competition, the latter change decreases the incidence of sperm competition within the population. We analyze a model of the effects of sperm competition on a driving X chromosome and show that these opposing trends in male and female mating rates can result in two coexisting locally stable equilibria, one corresponding to a balanced polymorphism of the SR and ST alleles and the second to fixation of the ST allele. Stochastic fluctuations of either the population sex ratio or the SR frequency can then drive the population away from the balanced polymorphism and into the basin of attraction for the second equilibrium, resulting in fixation of the SR allele and extinction of the population.

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Occupational Sex-Typing by Kindergarten and Fourth-Grade Children

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1984.54.3.795 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 795-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

David M. Blaske

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Fourth Grade ◽

Memory Test ◽

Occupational Aspirations ◽

Kindergarten Children ◽

Sex Typing ◽

Male And Female ◽

Job Preference ◽

The Mean ◽

Male Occupations

Sex-typing of occupations and its antecedent elements have been investigated using different methods across a variety of age groups. Exp. 1 utilized a memory test as its principal criterion, along with a job-preference question to investigate sex-typing in fourth-grade children. On the memory test the mean numbers of sex-typing errors were significantly different; the subjects presenting traditional sex-typed pairings committed far fewer sex-typing errors. The job-preference question also disclosed sex-typed beliefs pertaining to occupational aspirations. The method in Exp. 2 required 66 kindergarten children to supply names to stick figures performing traditional male and female occupations in each of 10 picture cards. A significant number of sex-typed responses were given. Girls were more sex-typed than boys, traditional male occupations were more sex-typed than traditional female occupations, and boys were less sex-typed when their mothers were employed.

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Check This One out: Analyzing Slang Usage among Iranian Male and Female Teenagers

English Language Teaching ◽

10.5539/elt.v4n2p198 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 198 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sara Hashemi Shahraki ◽

Abbass Eslami Rasekh

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Age Groups ◽

School Students ◽

Chi Square ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Social ◽

Completion Test ◽

Female Teenagers ◽

Age And Sex

Slang usage in modern age Iran is a popular phenomenon among most male and female teenagers. How pervasive this variation of language use is among various age and sex groups in Iran has been a question of debate given the significance of religion in a theological system of social structure. The work presented in this study aims to investigate the effect of age and sex on variability of slang usage. Sixty Iranian participants were selected, and then were divided into three age groups (i.e. primary school, high school, and senior university students) each group consisting of ten males and ten females. A self-made questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) describing nine situations of friendly conversations was given to the participants. They were asked to make their choice on the responses, which ranged from formal to very informal style (common teenage slang expressions), or to write down what they wish to say under each circumstance. The results of the chi–square tests indicated that slang usage among high school students is more frequent as compared with other age groups. Unlike the popular belief suggesting that slang is used by boys rather than girls, the findings suggested that young Iranians both male and female use slang as a badge of identity showing their attachment to the social group they wish to be identified with.

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Distribution and abundance of Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) and its vector Hyalomma aegyptium in tortoises of Iran

Biologia ◽

10.1515/biolog-2015-0024 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hossein Javanbakht ◽

Pavel Široký ◽

Peter Mikulíček ◽

Mozafar Sharifi

Keyword(s):

Distribution Pattern ◽

Age Groups ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Blood Parasite ◽

Iranian Plateau ◽

Male And Female ◽

Testudo Graeca ◽

Vector Tick ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Males And Females

AbstractDistribution pattern, prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia of heteroxenous apicomplexan blood parasite Hemolivia mauritanica and its vector tick Hyalomma aegyptium have been studied in 264 tortoises (212 Testudo graeca and 52 T. horsfieldii) throughout the Iranian territory. In T. graeca the highest prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia for H. mauritanica were recorded in the temperate mid and northern parts of the Iranian plateau, while the lowest values were found in the arid central part of Iran. No Hemolivia-positive samples were found in T. horsfieldii. Hyalomma aegyptium ticks were diagnosed in both tortoise species. The highest prevalence and intensity of infestation with H. aegyptium were recorded in western part of Iran, where climatic conditions are not so arid compared to central and eastern parts. No significant differences were found in intensity of parasitaemia of H. mauritanica between males and females. Similarly, no differences in intensity of parasitaemia were detected between different age groups (adults; more than 10 years, young; 5-10 years and juveniles; less that 5 years). Prevalence of H. mauritanica and H. aegyptium in adults was higher than in young and in juveniles. While intensity of infestation with H. aegyptium was significantly higher in adult tortoises compare to juveniles, no significant difference were found between intensity of H. aegyptium infestation in male and female tortoises.

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Status And Effects Of Food Provisioning on Ecology of Assamese Monkey (Macaca Assamensis) In Ramdi Area of Palpa, Nepal

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/jist.v22i2.19611 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 183-190

Author(s):

Krishna Adhikari ◽

Laxman Khanal ◽

Mukesh Kumar Chalise

Keyword(s):

Survey Methods ◽

Time Budget ◽

Food Provisioning ◽

Population Status ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Troop Size ◽

Macaca Assamensis ◽

Adult Sex Ratio ◽

In The Wild ◽

Group Density

The population status of Assamese monkey (Macaca assamensis) (McClelland 1840) and its interaction with the local people is poorly documented in Nepal. In 2014, we studied the population status, diurnal time budget and human-monkey conflict in Ramdi, Nepal by direct count, scan sampling and questionnaire survey methods, respectively. Two troops of Assamese monkey having total population of 48 with the mean troop size of 24 individuals were recorded in the study area. The group density was 0.33 groups / km² with a population density of 6 individuals/ km². The male to female adult sex ratio was 1:1.75 and the infant to female ratio was 0.85. The provisioned troop of Assamese monkey in Ramdi spent less time in feeding and movement while higher time was invested in resting and grooming than the nonspecific populations in the wild habitats. The human-monkey conflict is high in Ramdi, primarily due to the crop-raiding from fields and even the storage; the major crops raided are maize, vegetables, pulses and fruits. The higher reproductive success in terms of infant to adult female ratio, increased human-monkey conflicts and lesser investment of the diurnal time in foraging and feeding by Assamese monkey troop of Ramdi might be associated with the food provisioning. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 183-190

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Ecology and Behaviour of the Spotted-backed Weaverbird in the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v14i1.711 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nicholas E. Collias ◽

Elsie C. Collias

Keyword(s):

Food Habits ◽

National Park ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Pair Formation ◽

Kruger National Park ◽

Nest Building ◽

Territorial Behaviour ◽

Male And Female

Spotted-backed Weaverbirds were studied during September-December, 1969 in the Transvaal, chiefly in the Kruger National Park, and observations were made on their distribution, ecology and behaviour. Territorial behaviour, nest-building, pair formation displays, vocalizations and food habits are described as well as the division of labour between male and female in care of the young. Attacks by snakes and hawks are described as well as responses of the birds to their enemies. Behavioural relations to another species of weaver were also observed.

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