scholarly journals The Speed of Large-Scale Transformation of Political and Economic Institutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-583
Author(s):  
Ružica Šimić Banović ◽  
Martina Basarac Sertić ◽  
Valentina Vučković
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Eu Member States

This article compares the applicability of both the gradual and the shock therapy approach to reform implementation in large-scale change. Using quantitative data, it aims to provide more evidence for the lessons learned from post-socialist transformation. Hence it adds a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the body of literature on great transformations, focusing on their speed and the acceptability of related policy solutions. Despite the predominant inclination towards the gradualist approach to reforms in the initial transition years, economic indicators suggest that the big bang reformers have demonstrated a superior performance over the last (few) decade(s). Still, the approach to (post-)transition processes should be multidimensional and include more than the speed of transformation and key economic indicators. Therefore, a quantitative analysis covers several aspects of socioeconomic change. The analysis of the quality of democracy, market economy, and management performance in post-socialist EU member states indicates that over the last decade the countries that applied the shock therapy approach have performed significantly better in all these areas. This suggests that slow reformers are lagging behind in the development of democratic institutions and a modern market economy, and presumably have insufficient capacities to rapidly catch up with fast reformers. Further research on this topic should tackle the deep roots of socioeconomic development and path-dependent choices (reform speed included), proximity to Western countries, the possible effects of other specific circumstances (such as war), the importance of selected institutions on the performance of post-socialist non-EU member states, and other limitations.

scholarly journals "Core-Periphery" in the European Union – An Economic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154
Author(s):  
Ines Kersan-Škabić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Eu

The heterogeneity of economic performances in the EU member states is one of the main reasons for the existence of a “core-periphery” relationship. The goal of this research is to examine various economic indicators to reveal possible divisions between the EU members. This issue emphasized the contribution of rich “core” countries to the imbalances in poorer “peripheral” EU members. By applying cluster methodology and considering the most recent data, two groups of countries were identified, the first comprising 11 countries that form the “centre” or the “core”, and the rest of the EU forming the “periphery”. Considering differences between these countries is necessary and justified for discussions about the future development of the EU that will involve differences between member states.

Determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture in new EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Bojnec ◽  
Imre Fertő ◽  
Attila Jámbor ◽  
József Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
New Eu Member States

Technical efficiency in agriculture of 10 new EU member states is analysed by Data Envelopment Analysis and econometric panel data analysis. Technical efficiency in agriculture is significantly positively associated with agricultural factor endowments, average farm size, farm specialisation, small-scale farms, and technological change. Foreign direct investments have an ambiguous effect. Reform and institutional developments, large-scale privatisation and price liberalisation, and urban- rural income gap are associated with technical efficiency in agriculture positively. An increase in technical efficiency in agriculture and the development of the rural economy are seen as a strategy to boost the level of living standards in agriculture and in rural areas.

scholarly journals VAT Collection Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Zídková ◽  
Aneta Šťastná
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current System ◽  
Payment Method ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The One ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
The Eu

Although, the VAT contributes significantly to tax revenues in all EU Member States, the current VAT system is vulnerable to organized fraud schemes and suffers from large scale tax evasion. The EU Member States and the European Commission are discussing new ways of VAT collection to prevent the evasive and fraudulent practices. This paper aims at the description of different VAT collection methods including their flaws and benefits that are addressed in the available literature. The conclusion is that reverse charge and split payment method are changing the character of the VAT system. The One stop shop system is lacking trust of the EU member states. Therefore, the recommendation is to improve current system by electronic means of reporting.

Support Systems for Poor Readers: Empirical Data From Six EU Member States

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ise ◽  
Leo Blomert ◽  
Daisy Bertrand ◽  
Luís Faísca ◽  
Anne Puolakanaho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Member States ◽  
Mainstream Teachers ◽  
Eu Member States

This study surveyed and compared support systems for poor readers in six member states of the European Union (EU). The goal was to identify features of effective support systems. A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted among mainstream teachers ( n = 4,210) and remedial teachers ( n = 2,395). Results indicate that the six support systems differed substantially, with effective support systems showing high performance on all variables measured. More specifically, effective support systems were characterized by (a) high levels of both teacher and student support and (b) frequent interactions between teachers and remedial teachers as well as between remedial teachers and diagnosticians. The high prevalence of poor reading ability in the current EU member states demonstrates that educational reforms are critically needed. The results of this study provide concrete starting points for improving support systems for poor readers.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC DATA AS PERSONAL DATA IN FOUR EU MEMBER STATES

2016 ◽  
Vol III-2 ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. de Jong ◽  
B. van Loenen ◽  
J. A. Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Geographic Data ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The EU Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data aims at harmonising data protection legislation in the European Union. This should promote the free flow of products and services within the EU. This research found a wide variety of interpretations of the application of data protection legislation to geographic data. The variety was found among the different EU Member States, the different stakeholders and the different types of geographic data. In the Netherlands, the Data Protection Authority (DPA) states that panoramic images of streets are considered personal data. While Dutch case law judges that the data protection legislation does not apply if certain features are blurred and no link to an address is provided. The topographic datasets studied in the case studies do not contain personal data, according to the Dutch DPA, while the German DPA and the Belgian DPA judge that topographic maps of a large scale can contain personal data, and impose conditions on the processing of topographic maps. The UK DPA does consider this data outside of the scope of legal definition of personal data. The patchwork of differences in data protection legislation can be harmonised by using a traffic light model. This model focuses on the context in which the processing of the data takes place and has four categories of data: (1) sensitive personal data, (2) personal data, (3), data that can possibly lead to identification, and (4) non-personal data. For some geographic data, for example factual data that does not reveal sensitive information about a person, can be categorised in the third category giving room to opening up data under the INSPIRE Directive.

scholarly journals DICOM Imaging Router: An Open Deep Learning Framework for Classification of Body Parts from DICOM X-ray Scans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hieu H. Pham ◽  
Dung V. Do ◽  
Ha Q. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dicom Imaging

AbstractX-ray imaging in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format is the most commonly used imaging modality in clinical practice, resulting in vast, non-normalized databases. This leads to an obstacle in deploying artificial intelligence (AI) solutions for analyzing medical images, which often requires identifying the right body part before feeding the image into a specified AI model. This challenge raises the need for an automated and efficient approach to classifying body parts from X-ray scans. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, there is no open tool or framework for this task to date. To fill this lack, we introduce a DICOM Imaging Router that deploys deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for categorizing unknown DICOM X-ray images into five anatomical groups: abdominal, adult chest, pediatric chest, spine, and others. To this end, a large-scale X-ray dataset consisting of 16,093 images has been collected and manually classified. We then trained a set of state-of-the-art deep CNNs using a training set of 11,263 images. These networks were then evaluated on an independent test set of 2,419 images and showed superior performance in classifying the body parts. Specifically, our best performing model (i.e., MobileNet-V1) achieved a recall of 0.982 (95% CI, 0.977– 0.988), a precision of 0.985 (95% CI, 0.975–0.989) and a F1-score of 0.981 (95% CI, 0.976–0.987), whilst requiring less computation for inference (0.0295 second per image). Our external validity on 1,000 X-ray images shows the robustness of the proposed approach across hospitals. These remarkable performances indicate that deep CNNs can accurately and effectively differentiate human body parts from X-ray scans, thereby providing potential benefits for a wide range of applications in clinical settings. The dataset, codes, and trained deep learning models from this study will be made publicly available on our project website at https://vindr.ai/datasets/bodypartxr.

Sharing Is Caring? Exploring the Relationship Between Preferences for Online Participation and Support for Solidarity Between EU Member States

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-537
Author(s):  
Verena K. Brändle ◽  
Olga Eisele
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Online Participation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Eu Member States

The article explores the influence of online participation on individual-level support for burden-sharing measures among EU member states. The analysis is set against the backdrop of the discussion about solidarity in times of EU crises and follows an innovative approach by operationalizing social inclusion in the European Union via online participation. It is argued that the specific nature of the European Union favors the use of online channels for political information and participation, but that despite its inclusive potential, online participation does not necessarily mean public support for the European Union. Instead, we hypothesize that people who make more use of online participation channels—thus are supposedly better equipped to participate in EU politics—are more critical in their evaluation of burden-sharing measures. Based on a large-scale survey among EU citizens in late 2016, we conduct a regression analysis taking into account the influence of EU support and general considerations on solidarity. Results lend support to our hypothesis that people who participate in political affairs online do not express greater support for EU burden-sharing measures but are more critical. Results are interpreted as an expression of the constraining dissensus regarding EU politics: Negative effects are read as criticism of how solidarity in the European Union is implemented, not as opposition to solidarity in the European Union as such.

scholarly journals Internationalization, the Highly Qualified and the Innovation Output

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Zuzana Potužáková ◽  
Jan Öhm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Output ◽  
The Eu

The process of Internationalization strongly influences the developed economies, including the EU, whereas the large scale of international trade in goods is characterized by production with high value added. Based on this, the fabrication of such commodities requires a highly qualified workforce and is very often followed by international patent protection. This paper focuses on the link between the fraction of highly educated with tertiary education and the innovation output, measured by the number of EPO patent applications per million inhabitants. Due to the rising mobility of a highly qualified workforce, we have also tested the correlation between the fraction of tertiary educated foreigners and the innovation output. The aim of the paper is to state whether the higher share of a highly qualified workforce and the fraction of highly qualified foreigners correlate with innovation activities within the EU Member States. Given the number of EU Member States, the EU macro-regions division based on the social models of Esping-Andersen (1990), Sapir (2005), as well as Dolwik and Martin (2014) will be applied.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC DATA AS PERSONAL DATA IN FOUR EU MEMBER STATES

2016 ◽  
Vol III-2 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
A. J. de Jong ◽  
B. van Loenen ◽  
J. A. Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Geographic Data ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The EU Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data aims at harmonising data protection legislation in the European Union. This should promote the free flow of products and services within the EU. This research found a wide variety of interpretations of the application of data protection legislation to geographic data. The variety was found among the different EU Member States, the different stakeholders and the different types of geographic data. In the Netherlands, the Data Protection Authority (DPA) states that panoramic images of streets are considered personal data. While Dutch case law judges that the data protection legislation does not apply if certain features are blurred and no link to an address is provided. The topographic datasets studied in the case studies do not contain personal data, according to the Dutch DPA, while the German DPA and the Belgian DPA judge that topographic maps of a large scale can contain personal data, and impose conditions on the processing of topographic maps. The UK DPA does consider this data outside of the scope of legal definition of personal data. The patchwork of differences in data protection legislation can be harmonised by using a traffic light model. This model focuses on the context in which the processing of the data takes place and has four categories of data: (1) sensitive personal data, (2) personal data, (3), data that can possibly lead to identification, and (4) non-personal data. For some geographic data, for example factual data that does not reveal sensitive information about a person, can be categorised in the third category giving room to opening up data under the INSPIRE Directive.

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