scholarly journals Can we predict Sphaeropsis sapinea outbreak by monitoring fungal diversity in austrian pine plantations?

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Željko Zgrablić ◽  
Hrvoje Marjanović ◽  
Danko Diminić
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Crown Transparency ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Fungal diversity plays an important role in forest ecosystems stability as well in the health status of mycorrhizal forest trees. At research area in Istria, Croatia, pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsis tip blight (Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton) caused substantial damage in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) plantations during the last decades. This research continues on previous done in Austrian pine plantations on predisposition to S. sapinea infections, where site and stress conditions were determined as key factors, but also, the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi were confirmed as biological indicators of the health status in selected plantations. We analyzed fungal diversity of Austrian pine plantations to determine the dependence of species richness and its diversity index, both for total and ECM species only, in relation to S. sapinea infection rate and crown transparency of selected trees. Fungal samples were collected during 2013 at nine permanent research plots in autumn season. Their total and ECM species richness and diversity index were correlated to Sphaeropsis tip blight infection level and crown transparency. Our results did not confirm the hypothesis that Austrian pine plantations with higher total species richness and its diversity index are more resistant to S. sapinea infection nor to crown transparency. Oppositely, ectomycorrhizal species richness and its diversity index might be used as good biological indicators of S. sapinea presence and crown transparency of studied plantations.

scholarly journals LEVANTAMENTO FITOSSOCIOLÓGICO DA VEGETAÇÃO HERBÁCEA-SUBARBUSTIVA DAS DUNAS DA PRAIA DE MASSARANDUPIÓ, MUNICÍPIO DE ENTRE RIOS, BAHIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laene Paixão da Silva ◽  
Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim ◽  
Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Jr. ◽  
Valdira de Jesus Santos
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Coastal Vegetation ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Entre Rios ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Species Being

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise fitossociológica da composição herbácea e subarbustiva, das dunas no litoral norte da Bahia, com a finalidade de conhecer e caracterizar a comunidade do estrato herbáceo-subarbustivo. A área de estudo está localizada na praia de Massarandupió (12°19´12"S; 37°50´15"W), município de Entre Rios, Bahia. Para amostragem, foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 1m2 ao longo da área e calculados os dados fitossociológico, o índice de diversidade Shannon (H´), equabilidade de Pielou (J´) e riqueza total das espécies. Foram incluídos todos os indivíduos com hábito herbáceo e subarbustivo, sendo coletados 3.804 indivíduos, pertencentes a 12 espécies, distribuídas em nove famílias. As espécies Rhynchospora riparia, Chamaecrista ramosa, Eriocaulon sp. e Comolia ovalifolia apresentaram os maiores valores de importância (VI's). Os valores de (H') e (J') quando calculados com a cobertura vegetal foram, respectivamente, H'c = 1,453 nas/m² e J'c = 0,585. As dunas de Massarandupió apresentaram uma vegetação com ervas e subarbustos distribuídos em moitas. As famílias Fabaceae, Cyperaceae e Poaceae destacaram-se por apresentarem maior número de espécies, sendo predominantes em ambientes de praias, por se adaptarem facilmente em ambientes adversos assim como seu importante papel ecológico, auxiliando na fixação das dunas.ABSTRACTThis study aimed to carry out a phytosociological analysis of the herbaceous and sub-shrub composition of the dunes on the northern coast of Bahia, with the purpose of knowing and characterizing the herbaceous-subshrub community. The study area is located on the beach of Massarandupió (12°19 ́12"S; 37°50 ́15"W), municipality of Entre Rios, Bahia state. For sampling 50 plots of 1m 2 were allocated over the area and the phytosociological data, Shannon diversity index (H ́), Pielou equability (J ́) and total species richness were calculated. The individuals with herbaceous and sub-shrub habit were included in the present study. Were collected 3,804 individuals, belonging to 12 species, distributed in nine families. The species Rhynchospora riparia, Chamaecrista ramosa, Eriocaulon sp. and Comolia ovalifolia presentedthe highest importance values (IV's). The values of (H') and (J') when calculated with the vegetation cover were respectively, H'c = 1.453 nas/m² and J'c = 0.585. Massarandupió dunespresented vegetation with herbs and sub-shrubs distributed in thickets. The families Fabaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae stood out for presenting a greater number of species, being predominant in beach environments, for adapting easily in harsh environments as well as their important ecological role, assisting in the fixation of dunes.Keywords: Anthropization; herbaceous structure; Restinga; Northeast coastal vegetation.

scholarly journals The species diversity of cereal and root communities in the municipalities located in the strug river valley in Podkarpackie Voivodeship

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Maria Ziaja
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Segetal Flora

The research on segetal flora and agricultural ecosystems has gained special importance in recent years, since they are an important element in biodiversity conservation. An evaluation of the status of the segetal flora was made on the basis of a study conducted in the period 1998–2002 in crop fields of four municipalities located in the Strug River valley in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. This research was carried out in root and cereal crops. Total species richness and the average number of species per relevé were determined in this study. In determining species diversity of the communities, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was used. In cereal crops, the community <em>Vicietum tetraspermae typicum </em>was characterized by the greatest species richness (109 species), while <em>Vicietum tetraspermae consolidetosum </em>showed the lowest richness (57 species). In root crops, the association <em>Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi </em>exhibited the greatest richness (78 species), whereas <em>Galinsogo-Setarietum typicum </em>the lowest richness (53 species). In the cereal communities, a total 149 of weed species were recorded, while in the root communities their total number was 97. The values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranged from 3.10 to 2.42. The phytocoenoses <em>Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi, Vicietum tetraspermae typicum,</em> and<em> Vicietum tetraspermae</em>, the<em> </em>variant with<em> Vicia grandiflora, </em>were characterized by the highest values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), whereas the association <em>Galinsogo-Setarietum typicum</em> and the impoverished communities from the alliance <em>Aperion spicae-venti </em>showed the lowest values.

scholarly journals Understory Vegetative Diversity of Post-Thinned Pine Plantations Treated with Fertilizer, Fire and Herbicide in East Texas

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Oswald ◽  
Betsy Ott ◽  
Hans M. Williams ◽  
Kenneth W. Farrish ◽  
James E. Van Kley
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
East Texas ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Number Of Individuals

This study assessed biodiversity in the understory of two pine plantations where different management tools (fertilizer, prescribed burning, and herbicide application) were utilized. During three growing seasons, species, percent cover, and number of individuals, and physical characteristics were recorded. Responses to treatment were examined based on comparison of species richness, evenness, diversity, and importance. Two years after treatment, fertilized plots showed a decline in species richness, evenness, and diversity. Prescribed burning and herbicide treatments increased species richness but decreased species evenness, resulting in no change in diversity index. Herbicide treatment reduced the importance of dominant shrubs and increased the importance of disturbance-adapted species.

scholarly journals Avian conservation value of pine plantation forests in northern Vietnam

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
VU TIEN THINH ◽  
PAUL F. DOHERTY ◽  
KATHRYN P. HUYVAERT
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Mature Forest ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Second Growth

SummaryDecline of native forest cover is a worldwide concern. Recently, overall forest cover in Vietnam has increased, but most of the increase has been attributed to plantations of non-native trees. The conservation value of these plantations for birds is unknown. We compared avian species richness in pine plantations to that in second-growth and mature native forests in Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Bird species were classified into two categories: forest specialists or forest generalists. To account for strong heterogeneity in detection probabilities, the number of species in each category was estimated using the Pledger-Huggins estimator. We estimated total species richness and number of forest specialist species to be highest in mature forest (191; 95% CI = 96, 287, and 88; 95% CI = 47, 129 respectively), lower in second-growth forest (158; 95% CI = 87, 245 and 58; 95% CI = 18, 98 respectively), and lowest in pine plantation (106; 95% CI = 52, 158 and 49; 95% CI = 2, 97 respectively). The estimated number of forest generalist species was similar between mature forest and second-growth forest (103; 95% CI = 17, 189 and 100; 95% CI = 42, 158, respectively) and least in pine plantation (57; 95% CI = 31, 82). The maintenance of native forest types should receive priority for conservation in Vietnam and pine plantations should be managed to provide additional structure in the hope of increasing species richness.

scholarly journals Spatial spread of white-nose syndrome in North America, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Kramer ◽  
Alex Mercier ◽  
Sean Maher ◽  
Yaw Kumi-Ansu ◽  
Sarah Bowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
North America ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pseudogymnoascus Destructans ◽  
Wildlife Diseases ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhite-nose syndrome has caused massive mortality in multiple bat species and spread across much of North America, making it one of the most destructive wildlife diseases on record. This has also resulted in it being one of the most well-documented wildlife disease outbreaks, making it possible to look for changes in the pattern of spatial spread over time. We fit a series of spatial interaction models to the United States county-level observations of the pathogenic fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, that causes white-nose syndrome. Models included the distance between caves, cave abundance, measures of winter length and winter onset, and species richness of all bats and hibernating bats only. We found that the best supported models included all of these factors, but that the particular structure and most informative covariates changed over the course of the outbreak, with winter length displacing winter onset as the most informative measure of winter conditions, and evidence for the effects total species richness and hibernation varying from year to year. We also found that weather had detectable effects on spread. While the effect sizes for cave abundance and species richness were relatively stable over the length of the outbreak, distance became less important as time went on. These findings indicate that although models produced early in the outbreak captured important and consistent aspects of the spatial spread of white-nose syndrome, there were also changes over time in the factors associated with spread, suggesting that forecasts may be improved by iterative model refinement.

Linking fish and crustacean taxonomic composition with seasonal contrasts in the soft-bottom intertidal zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gondal ◽  
S. Iqbal ◽  
U. Atique ◽  
N. U. Saher ◽  
N. A. Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sw Monsoon

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal fish and crustacean variations concerning taxonomic composition, species richness, and diversity in sandy beach habitat. For this purpose, we investigated the Sonmiani Hor lagoon area during four distinct seasons, i.e., northeast (NE) monsoon, pre-monsoon, south-west (SW) monsoon, and post-monsoon for one year. During each haul, the net was pulled about 100m along the beach in 0.5m depth. The results showed a strong linear correlation between the diversity index and equitability in fishes (r = 0.978). The diversity index was strong negatively correlated with the abundance and biomass (r = -0.978, -0.972, respectively). The physical attributes like sea surface water temperature and salinity showed a strong negative effect on species assemblages (r = -0.981 and -0.943, respectively). The mean air and water temperature illustrated approximately 3°C difference during NE and pre-monsoon seasons. However, salinity, pH, and electrical conductivity did not show any significant seasonal variabilities. Under the ecological indices, the fish species displayed higher diversity (H’ = 3.19) during SW monsoon, whereas the lowest diversity was observed during pre-monsoon (H’ = 1.58). The equitability and species richness, however, remained more noticeable during SW monsoon (J’ = 0.81). The total number of individuals of fish and crustaceans reached 4799 with 3813 fish individuals and 986 individuals of crustaceans. A total of 27 families of fish while five crustacean families comprising of 30 genera and 38 fish species while ten genera and 17 species of crustaceans were recorded. Liza subviridis displayed the highest abundance among the sampled fish species. In conclusion, fish species constituted a significant part of the coastal fauna in the study area. The seasonal variations displayed distinct variations in fish species composition and diversity.

Assemblage Patterns of Hymenoptera at Different Elevations of Gunung Datuk, Rembau

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Nasuha Abd Aziz ◽  
Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta ◽  
Idris Abd Ghani ◽  
Saiyid Jalaluddin Saiyid Shaifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Richness Index ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Malaise Traps

A study on abundance and diversity of Hymenoptera was conducted in Gunung Datuk, Rembau. Samplings were conducted from November 2014 to February 2015 using six Malaise traps. Three traps were placed at Site 1 at 700m height for high elevation and the remaining traps were placed at Site 2 at 200m height for low elevation. A total number of 221 Hymenopteran were collected which consist of nine families namely Ichneumonidae, Formicidae, Braconidae, Bethylidae, Evaniidae, Tiphiidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae and Apidae. In this study, 93 individuals were obtained from Site 1, comprising nine families and 43 morphospecies while 127 individuals were obtained from Site 2 with nine families and 45 morphospecies. Formicidae was the most dominant family collected from both sites with a total of 104 individuals while the least family recorded was Apidae with only one individual. Shannon’s Weiner Diversity Index (H’) showed Site 1 had the higher diversity value with H’ = 3.17 compared to Site 2 with value H’ = 3.12. For Evenness Index, Site 1 had higher value compared to Site 2 with E’ = 0.84 and E’ = 0.82 respectively. Moreover, for Margalef Richness Index, Site 1 recorded R’ = 9.24 while site two recorded R’ = 9.08 which concluded that Site 1 had higher species richness compared to Site 2. Paired t-test showed that both sites had no significant difference with p>0.05. Overall study showed that the diversity and abundance of Hymenoptera in Gunung Datuk were low since the value of H’ is less than 3.50.

scholarly journals Sheep nemabiome diversity and its response to anthelmintic treatment in Swedish sheep herds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Halvarsson ◽  
Johan Höglund
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Larval Culture ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
South Central ◽  
Nematode Diversity

Abstract Background A novel way to study the species composition and diversity of nematode parasites in livestock is to perform deep sequencing on composite samples containing a mixture of different species. Herein we describe for the first time the nematode community structures (nemabiomes) inhabiting Swedish sheep and how these are/were affected by host age and recent anthelmintic treatments. Methods A total of 158 fecal samples were collected (n = 35 in 2007 and n = 123 in 2013–2016) and cultured from groups of sheep on 61 commercial farms in the south-central part of the country where most animals are grazed. Among the samples, 2 × 44 (56%) were paired collections from the same groups pre- and post-treatment with anthelmintics such as macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles or levamisole. Samples were analyzed for their nemabiome using the PacBio platform followed by bioinformatic sequence analysis with SCATA. Species richness and diversity were calculated and analyzed in R. Results Nematode ITS2 sequences were found in all larval culture samples except two, even though the fecal egg counts were below the McMaster threshold in 20 samples. Sequencing yielded, on average, 1008 sequences per sample. In total, 16 operational taxonomical units (OTU), all with ≥ 98 % identity to sequences in the NCBI database, were recognized. The OTUs found represented nematode species of which ten are commonly associated with sheep. Multiple species were identified in all pre-anthelmintic treatment larval culture samples. No effects on nematode diversity were found in relation to host age. On the other hand, recent anthelmintic treatment lowered species richness, especially after use of ivermectin and albendazole. Interestingly, despite zero egg counts after use of levamisole, these samples still contained nematode DNA and especially H. contortus. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that nemabiome analysis combined with diversity index analysis provides an objective methodology in the study of the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment as both high and low abundant species were detected.

Diversity metrics, species turnovers and nestedness of bird assemblages in a deep karst sinkhole

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrado Battisti ◽  
Marco Giardini ◽  
Francesca Marini ◽  
Lorena Di Rocco ◽  
Giuseppe Dodaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Bird Assemblages ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Karst Sinkhole

We reported a study on breeding birds occurring inside an 80 m-deep karst sinkhole, with the characterization of the assemblages recorded along its semi-vertical slopes from the upper edge until the bottom. The internal sides of the sinkhole have been vertically subdivided in four belts about 20 m high. The highest belt (at the upper edge of the cenote) showed the highest values in mean number of bird detections, mean and normalized species richness, and Shannon diversity index. The averaged values of number of detections and species richness significantly differ among belts. Species turnover (Cody’s β-diversity) was maximum between the highest belts. Whittaker plots showed a marked difference among assemblages shaping from broken-stick model to geometric series, and explicited a spatial progressive stress with a disruption in evenness towards the deepest belts. Bird assemblages evidenced a nested subset structure with deeper belts containing successive subsets of the species occurring in the upper belts. We hypothesize that, at least during the daytime in breeding season, the observed non-random distribution of species along the vertical stratification is likely due to (i) the progressive simplification both of the floristic composition and vegetation structure, and (ii) the paucity of sunlight as resources from the upper edge to the inner side of the cenote.

Partial cutting reduces species richness of fungi on woody debris in oak-rich forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1807-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Nordén ◽  
Frank Götmark ◽  
Martin Ryberg ◽  
Heidi Paltto ◽  
Johan Allmér
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Total Species

Partial cutting is increasingly applied in European temperate oak-dominated forests for biofuel harvesting, and to counteract succession in protected stands. Effects on biodiversity of these measures need to be carefully evaluated, and species-rich but neglected taxa such as fungi should be considered. We studied the effects of partial cutting on fungal fruiting bodies on woody debris. In 21 closed canopy forests rich in large oaks in Sweden, on average 25%–30% of the basal area was cut. Fruiting bodies were counted and some were collected in treated and control plots before and after treatment. We found 334 basidiomycete and 47 ascomycete species. Species richness of basidiomycetes declined significantly more in treated plots (on average 26%) than in control plots (on average 13%) between seasons. Species richness of ascomycetes increased by 17% in control plots and decreased by 2% in treated plots. Total species richness was significantly reduced on fine woody debris (1–10 cm in diameter), but not on coarse woody debris (>10 cm). Overall species composition did not change significantly as a result of partial cutting, but red-listed species tended to decrease more in treated plots. We suggest that approximately 30% of the stands should not be thinned, and dead stems and fallen branches should not be removed, to favor saproxylic fungi and their associated fauna.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document