scholarly journals Métodos de medición de espesores de películas delgadas basadas en óxidos semiconductores

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Leandro A. Ramajo ◽  
Edgar Villegas ◽  
Rodrigo Parra
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Spray Pyrolysis ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Transparent Films ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conductive Films

Transparent films based on Ti, Sn and Zn oxides are of great importance in electronic devices such as sensors, solar cells and conductive films, then the characterization techniques are highly relevant. The aim of this work is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of direct methods, such as profilometry, and indirect methods such as ellipsometry and spectrophotometry used to quantify film thickness. In this work, films were deposited by spray-pyrolysis on glass substrates at 425±C. Thicknesses varied between 150 and 300 nm. Thicknesses calculated by means of spectrophotometry and ellipsometry, led to differences below 10% and 20 %, respectively, with respect to the value measuredby profilometry.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Al-orry ◽  
Moustapha Arahou ◽  
Rachida Hassikou ◽  
Zakaria Mennane
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Access To Health

<p>Leptospirosis is an infectious disease affect human and animal. The diagnosis is challenging due to none specific clinical features, lack of awareness and poor access to health care. Therefore the disease becomes underreported. Early diagnosis is essential because antibiotic treatment is most effective when it is initiated early. However, laboratories tests for early diagnosis still lacking. The disease may be demonstrated by direct or indirect methods. Direct methods are the detection of the organism or its components and indirect methods are the detection of specific antibodies of the organism. This review highlights the major diagnostic techniques in leptospirosis with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the treatment. The search criteria focused on the thesis we obtained and searching in the websites (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and LibGen, etc.) using the keywords: leptospirosis, leptospira, zoonotic diseases, PCR, Elisa, MAT, SAT, Darkfield microscopic, leptospirosis diagnostic, leptospira treatment, Doxycycline and tropical diseases.</p>

Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Properties of ITO/PET Thin Film by Film Thickness

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 1585-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Hyoung Kim ◽  
Han Ki Yoon ◽  
Do Hoon Shin ◽  
Riichi Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Ito Thin Films ◽  
Touch Panels

The thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) are used for a variety of electronic devices such as solar cells, touch panels, liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, these electronic devices are not strong enough against heavy impact since their ITO thin films are deposited on glass substrates. Therefore, ITO thin films were prepared by the inclination opposite target type DC magnetron sputtering equipment onto the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrate at room temperature using oxidized ITO with In2O3 and SnO2 in a weight ratio of 9:1. In this study, the transmittance, resistivity and electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness of the ITO thin films prepared at various sputtering time (20~80min namely film thickness; 130~500nm) are measured. The results show that transmittance of the ITO thin films could show about 70% in the range of a visible ray by the variation of film thickness. It also can be seen that a minimum exists in the resistivity of ITO thin films for the variation of film thickness. Electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness was increased as film thickness increased.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of (Bi0.48Sb1.52)Te3 Thick Films Prepared with Tape Casting Method

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Lichen Liu ◽  
Ziping Cao ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Jun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thick Films ◽  
Tape Casting ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Conductive Films ◽  
Casting Technology

This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of (Bi0.48Sb1.52)Te3 thick films using a tape casting process on glass substrates. A slurry of thermoelectric (Bi0.48Sb1.52)Te3 was developed and cured thick films were annealed in a vacuum chamber at 500–600 °C. The microstructure of these films was analyzed, and the Seebeck coefficient and electric conductivity were tested. It was found that the subsequent annealing process must be carefully designed to achieve good thermoelectric properties of these samples. Conductive films were obtained after annealing and led to acceptable thermoelectric performance. While the properties of these initial materials are not at the level of bulk materials, this work demonstrates that the low-cost tape casting technology is promising for fabricating thermoelectric modules for energy conversion.

scholarly journals Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell: Photoanodes, Counter Electrodes, and Electrolytes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2638
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Kim Chung ◽  
Phat Tan Nguyen ◽  
Ha Thanh Tung ◽  
Dang Huu Phuc
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Quantum Dot ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Dye Molecules ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Counter Electrodes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Sensitized Solar Cells

In this study, we provide the reader with an overview of quantum dot application in solar cells to replace dye molecules, where the quantum dots play a key role in photon absorption and excited charge generation in the device. The brief shows the types of quantum dot sensitized solar cells and presents the obtained results of them for each type of cell, and provides the advantages and disadvantages. Lastly, methods are proposed to improve the efficiency performance in the next researching.

scholarly journals Engineering of TiO2 or ZnO—Graphene Oxide Nanoheterojunctions for Hybrid Solar Cells Devices

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Duarte Carreira ◽  
Paulo A. Ribeiro ◽  
Maria Raposo ◽  
Susana Sério
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Zno Films ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Rc Circuit

It is currently of huge importance to find alternatives to fossil fuels to produce clean energy and to ensure the energy demands of modern society. In the present work, two types of hybrid solar cell devices were developed and characterized. The photoactive layers of the hybrid heterojunctions comprise poly (allylamine chloride) (PAH) and graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 or ZnO films, which were deposited using the layer-by-layer technique and DC-reactive magnetron sputtering, respectively, onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates. Scanning electron microscopy evidenced a homogeneous inorganic layer, the surface morphology of which was dependent on the number of organic bilayers. The electrical characterization pointed out that FTO/(PAH/GO)50/TiO2/Al, FTO/(PAH/GO)30/ZnO/Al, and FTO/(PAH/GO)50/ZnO/Al architectures were the only ones to exhibit a diode behavior, and the last one experienced a decrease in current in a low-humidity environment. The (PAH/GO)20 impedance spectroscopy study further revealed the typical impedance of a parallel RC circuit for a dry environment, whereas in a humid environment, it approached the impedance of a series of three parallel RC circuits, indicating that water and oxygen contribute to other conduction processes. Finally, the achieved devices should be encapsulated to work successfully as solar cells.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation of leukocyte counts affects the indirect estimation of reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Torge ◽  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Mustafa Özcürümez ◽  
Alexander Krebs ◽  
Ralf Junker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Abstract It has been observed that the estimation of reference intervals of leukocytes in whole venous blood leads to higher upper reference limits (uRLs) with indirect methods than has been reported in the literature determined by direct approaches. This phenomenon was reinvestigated with a newer, more advanced indirect method, and could be confirmed. Furthermore, a diurnal variation was observed with lower values during the morning and higher values in the late afternoon and at night. This observation can explain why indirect approaches using samples collected during 24 h lead to higher uRLs than direct methods applied on samples collected presumably in the morning.

scholarly journals Improving Performance of CIGS Solar Cells by Annealing ITO Thin Films Electrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Lung Chuang ◽  
Ming Wei Chang ◽  
Nien Po Chen ◽  
Chung Chiang Pan ◽  
Chung Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Ito Film ◽  
Ito Thin Films ◽  
Cigs Solar Cells ◽  
Ito Films

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were grown on glass substrates by direct current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Annealing at the optimal temperature can considerably improve the composition, structure, optical properties, and electrical properties of the ITO film. An ITO sample with a favorable crystalline structure was obtained by annealing in fixed oxygen/argon ratio of 0.03 at 400°C for 30 min. The carrier concentration, mobility, resistivity, band gap, transmission in the visible-light region, and transmission in the near-IR regions of the ITO sample were-1.6E+20 cm−3,2.7E+01 cm2/Vs,1.4E-03 Ohm-cm, 3.2 eV, 89.1%, and 94.7%, respectively. Thus, annealing improved the average transmissions (400–1200 nm) of the ITO film by 16.36%. Moreover, annealing a copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) solar cell at 400°C for 30 min in air improved its efficiency by 18.75%. The characteristics of annealing ITO films importantly affect the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of ITO films that are used in solar cells.

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