The customs adopted in the treaties concluded between the Mamluk sultans and the Venetian doges (13th-15th centuries)

Chronos ◽

10.31377/chr.v36i0.12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 137-163

Author(s):

PIERRE MOUKARZEL

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Thirteenth Century ◽

Trading Partner ◽

Commercial Policy ◽

Social Existence ◽

Commercial Exchange ◽

Diplomatic Relationship ◽

Good Agreement

Venice's economic and diplomatic relationship with the Mamluk sultanate dated back to the thirteenth century. It became the Mamluk's main and favorite European trading partner during the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. As international trade grew and commercial exchange intensified, Venice concluded treaties with the sultans and obtained privileges for its nationals. These privileges were at least equal and often superior to those adopted in trade among European merchant cities. The Venetian privileges in Egypt and Syria did not mean an agreement between two States, but a concession made by the sultan for a group of foreign traders living on his territories. This concession protected them as far as it recognized them legally, not only granted the protection, but especially gave a legal and social existence to the traders. Regular negotiations became established and embassies were sent to Cairo to protect a climate of good agreement indispensable to the realization of fruitful exchanges between Venice and the East. If the claims of the Venetians did not stop from the thirteenth till the fifteenth centuries and occupied the largest part of treaties with the sultans, it was because they constituted means to exercise a certain pressure on the sultan and to oppose to his commercial policy.

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The Doctrine of the Providential Function of Commerce in International Law

10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0014 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ileana M. Porras

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

International Exchange ◽

Religious Doctrine ◽

Hugo Grotius ◽

Religious Sensibility ◽

Commercial Exchange ◽

Two Factors ◽

Francisco De Vitoria ◽

Internal Effect

This chapter explores the doctrine of the providential function of commerce in the work of Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1492–1546), Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), and Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). In this chapter, I argue that the doctrine’s persuasive power lies in the interplay between two factors. First is the fact that while the doctrine is not in origin a religious doctrine, its elements and its narrative logic carried an unmistakable religious sensibility that became indissolubly associated with international trade. But the doctrine’s true efficacy lies in a more subtle internal effect. In essence, the doctrine, which holds at its core an act of exchange among distant peoples, allowed its adherents to idealize international trade by blurring the distinction between the act of commercial exchange and that of gift-exchange. In this manner, international exchange came to be portrayed as an act of friendship and community recognition, rather than a commercial act between strangers.

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Report on International Trade: A Survey of Problems Affecting the Expansion of International Trade, with Proposals for the Development of British Commercial Policy and Export Mechanism

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science ◽

10.2307/136794 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 282

Author(s):

Walter Duffett

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Commercial Policy

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Time and accounting in the Middle Ages: An Italian-based analysis

Accounting History ◽

10.1177/1032373219833140 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 53-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stefano Adamo ◽

David Alexander ◽

Roberta Fasiello

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Fifteenth Century ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Thirteenth Century ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Accounting Information ◽

Accounting Practice ◽

Economic Context ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Middle Ages

This work is focused on an issue scarcely examined in the literature, concerning the analysis of the relationship existing between time and accounting practice. The aim is to highlight how changes in the interpretation of the concept of time influenced the development of accounting practices and contributed to the rise of periodical accounting reporting from the beginning of the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century. The socio-economic context existing in Italy in the Middle Ages, the development of commercial partnerships among merchants ( compagnie) and the international trade created the conditions for the development of periodical reporting. The relevance assigned to time in economic activity is one of the crucial factors of the rise of accounting information related to recurring accounting periods. Furthermore, the article shows how the concept of time is important and its significance widely underestimated, in a variety of further applications.

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The Greek “Society for the Freedoms of Trade” (1865–67): Rise, Activities, Decline

Journal of the History of Economic Thought ◽

10.1080/10427710500370026 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 383-398

Author(s):

Michalis Psalidopoulos

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Economic Policy ◽

International Trade ◽

Free Trade ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Commercial Policy ◽

Greek Society ◽

National Economic ◽

Policy Agendas ◽

National Economic Policy

The 150th celebration of the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was a major stimulus for new publications on the issue of free trade versus protection, a question that dominated economic policy agendas all over Europe in the nineteenth century. Original texts dating from that period were again made public (Kadish 1996, Schonhardt-Bailey 1997), the works of Richard Cobden became available (Cain 1995), and Douglas A. Irwin's book (1996) and Anthony Howe's treatise (1997) can be seen as the “cosmopolitan” answers to older (Semmel 1970) and contemporary (Magnusson 1994 and Wendler 1996) defenses of a “national” economic policy. This literature, however, as well as conferences on the reception of free trade (Marrison 1998), concentrated on the commercial policy of the most economically advanced nations, leaving completely out of scope discussions, debates and economic policy dilemmas related to international trade in other, less-developed countries.

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Evolution of International Commercial Policy over the Decades and the Plight of the Developing Countries

Foreign Trade Review ◽

10.1177/0015732515730407 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 381-393

Author(s):

S. Narasimhan

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

International Trade ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Economic System ◽

Market Economy ◽

General Assembly ◽

Commercial Policy ◽

Separate Treatment ◽

Un General Assembly ◽

The One

This article has been developed not only as a chronicle of events in the field of international commercial policy but also as development of the thinking of the international community. It carefully records important developments in the GATT, UNCTAD and the UN General Assembly. There is, however, one aspect of the question, which it does not deal with, viz., the international trade policy followed by the soCialist countries of Eastern Europe. This subject requires separate treatment, as the economic system followed by these countries is different from the one followed by the developed market economy countries.

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General Agreement on Trariffs and Trade

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300008018 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 515-517

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Western Europe ◽

New Records ◽

Raw Material ◽

Commercial Policy ◽

Industrial Countries ◽

Industrial Areas ◽

Export Prices ◽

A Value ◽

Recent Developments

The fourth annual report prepared for the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was divided into three sections, dealing respectively with 1) recent developments in the structure and pattern of international trade, 2) developments in commercial policy, and 3) the principal activities of the Contracting Parties during the period under review. International trade during 1955, the report stated, had established new records both in value and in volume; in the first half of the year, the value of world exports had exceeded $80,000 million (at an annual rate), and in the second half it rose by a further $5,700 million, thus reaching a value about 13 percent above that of 1951. Taking the year as a whole, the value of world exports had been about $83,300 million. In terms of volume, the increase had been even greater, since export prices had been appreciably below the level of 1951, and in the second half of 1955 the volume of world exports had reached a level exceeding that of 1951 by 21 percent. The increase in volume had also represented a further acceleration in the speed of its growth. There had been three major developments in international trade in 1955, the report stated: 1) the rise in value of world exports in 1955 again had been mainly accounted for by trade among industrial countries, while the relative importance of the non-industrial areas had continued to decline; 2) the increase in the export trade of the industrial countries in 1955 had been shared by North America and by the other industrial areas, the revival of North America's exports being due largely to a growing dependence of western Europe on supplies of raw material and fuels from that source; and 3) in 1955, many industrial countries had relied more heavily on imports from the most economic sources of supply, and had therefore adopted more liberal import policies.

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Why China Imports Wheat

The China Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0305741000010456 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 116-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Feng-Hwa Mah

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Trading Partner ◽

The West ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Western Countries ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Important Trading Partner ◽

Imported Food ◽

The 1950S

The early 1960s witnessed significant changes in the commodity structure of Mainland China's international trade. One of the most striking developments during these years was that China became a net food importer, whereas in the 1950s, when Russia was her most important trading partner, China had been a net exporter of foodstuffs, and roughly one third to one half of China's exports to the Soviet Union had consisted of processed and unprocessed food. These exports were reduced to a mere 3 to 5 per cent, of China's total exports to Russia during 1961–63. Accompanying this change was a pronounced increase of China's imports of food from western countries. During 1952–60, China's purchase of “cereals and cereal preparations” had accounted for but 1 per cent, or less of her total imports from the West. This was augmented to approximately one-half of total imports in 1961–63, about one-third in 1964–66 and roughly one-fifth in 1967. The single most important item of the imported food has been wheat, amounting to four to five million metric tons a year since 1961, and coming mostly from Canada, Australia, Argentina and France.

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