1. Craig Brown’s Logical Reason

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Keyword(s):  
Logical Reason

Biotechnology, State Economic Development, and Interest Politics: a Troublesome Trinity

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
William P. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Private Interest ◽  
Strategic Planning Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
State Economic Development

When finally U.S. political archives are reviewed comprehensively and definitively, one confusing point will still linger unresolved: were the artisans of politics crafting policy in response to visions of a public or a private interest? Portz and Eisinger's comparative analysis of state economic development efforts, with hopes pegged on biotechnology, grapples with that distinction at least by implication. Their instructive article needs revisiting - - and their useful findings and conclusions need follow-up research — because there is logical reason to fear that the strategic planning process is no more or less directed toward the public interest than is private interest advocacy.

Gender and the historiography of science

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmilla Jordanova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Historiography Of Science ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Intellectual Maturity

The production of big pictures is arguably the most significant sign of the intellectual maturity of a field. It suggests both that the field's broad contours, refined over several generations of scholarship, enjoy the approval of practitioners, and that audiences exist with an interest in or need for overviews. The situation is somewhat more complicated in the history of science, since the existence of big historical pictures precedes that of a well-defined scholarly field by about two centuries. Broadly conceived histories of science and medicine were being written in the eighteenth century, when such an all-encompassing vision was central to the claims about the progress of knowledge upon which Enlightenment ideologues set such store. The Plato to Nato style histories, characteristic of the earlier twentieth century, were written largely by isolated pioneers, and while these were used in teaching as the field was becoming professionalized, recent scholars have preferred to concentrate on a monographic style of research. Despite the existence of the series started by Wiley, and now published by Cambridge University Press, it is only in the last ten years or so that more conscious attempts have been made to generate a big-picture literature informed by new scholarship. It is noteworthy that most of this is addressed to students and general readers, although there is no logical reason why it should not tackle major theoretical issues of concern to scholars. My point about maturity still holds, then, since as a designated discipline the history of science is rather new; it is still feeling out its relationship with cognate disciplines. Big-picture histories have an important role to play in these explorations since they make findings and ideas widely available and thereby offer material through which ambitious interpretations can be debated, modified and transformed.

CHEMICALS IN FOOD*

1953 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Roy C. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Annual Convention ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Human Food ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Safety First

Public misunderstanding regarding chemicals in food must be corrected by the food industry itself, Dr. R. C. Newton. vice president of Swift & Company in charge of research, said May 27, 1952. Speaking at the 43rd annual convention of the Flavoring Extract Manufacturers' Association at Chicago's Edgewater Beach Hotel, Dr. Newton said chemicals play an important role in future progress in the food industry. However, he advocated thorough testing of new substances before they are used. Pointing out that actually all foods are chemical. Dr. Newton said for centuries man has used many chemicals in processing his foods. “These chemicals have stood the test of time and are universally accepted as wholesome”, he said. “There is no logical reason, therefore, why the public sometimes should give the word ‘chemical’ a sinister connotation.” “Safety is the first and by all odds the most important consideration with respect to human food. The food industry has always subscribed to the principle of safety first and by and large is favorable to a compulsory program for pre-testing of all new chemical substances in food. Our industry must make its position clear on this point. “It is time the various segments of the food industry announce in unequivocal terms the high standard of ethics which has in the past and will in the future be its guide.

scholarly journals The No ‘Ought’ From ‘Is’ Argument: Faulty Thinking in Ethics and Social Science

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Doughney
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
A Value ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
Positivist Approach

According to Hilary Putnam, the ‘moral is clear: when we are dealing with any important value disagreement, we assume facts are irrelevant at our peril. No convincing logical reason can be given for the logical irrelevance of fact to value judgements, even if we accept the positivist conception of what a “fact” is.’ (2002, p. 78) This paper explores why the dichotomies engendered by the ‘positivist’ approach – fact/value, positive/normative and descriptive/evaluative – are false. The main reason, the paper argues, is that the fundamental principle underlying the approach fails. This principle, the ‘no ought from is argument’ (or the NOFIA), is the formally structured argument that a value (ought) cannot logically be derived from a fact (is). The paper rejects the NOFIA and, especially, its iconic status in economics. Using criticisms of the NOFIA by John Searle, Amartya Sen, Hilary Putnam, Vivian Walsh and Julius Kovesi, as well as the critical realist method of explanatory critique, the paper argues for a form of moral realism.

scholarly journals AREL TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS IN DEBATING

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suci Rahayu Nirwana ◽  
Nia Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Language Instruction ◽  
Conversational Discourse ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Grammatical Error ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
Speaking Performance ◽  
Group Sharing ◽  
Speaking Skills

Speaking skill is believed as an essential part of language instruction at every level because it supports learning in multiple ways. Debate is considered as the best method to enhance students‟ speaking skills that used to construct the argument, create the logic idea, work in group, sharing knowledge and arrange the information to be delivered in debating. This is a qualitative research focuses on AREL to enhance the students‟ speaking skills in debating. The aims of this research are finding out the implementation of AREL in debating; investigating how AREL reflected on students speaking performance and revealing the obstacles faced by teacher and students in applying AREL. The research was conducted in a senior high school and involved tenth-grade students who became a delegation in each class as the candidates to compete in the debate competition in Cianjur. The instruments used for this research were observation, questionnaire, and interview. Moreover, there were stages in implementing AREL included: introducing debate of WSDC, implementing AREL (Assertion, Evidence, Reason, and Link-back), giving a stimulant, and constructing the argument. By using AREL in debating, the students became confident to speak English and got a lot of benefits from the debate not only for their speaking skills but also advancing their critical thinking. They showed their ability to explore the argument by giving a logical reason and strong evidence in order to elaborate on their argument. It was also reflected in the students speaking performance including conversational discourse, pronunciation, accuracy and fluency, affective factors, and the interaction effect. However, AREL is difficult to apply for students with insufficient ability in reading information and constructing or arranging their speech. In addition, the students were still in tenth grade and it was also such an obstacle because their speaking skill is still low. Furthermore, the students have more obstacles in their speaking skills such as memorization, anxiety, less vocabularies, and grammatical error.

Amyloidogenic metal-binding proteins: new investigative pathways

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Davies ◽  
Sarah N. Fontaine ◽  
Dima Moualla ◽  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Josephine A. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Prion Protein ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Amyloidogenic Proteins ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Β Amyloid

Neurodegenerative diseases remain perplexing and problematic for modern research. Those associated with amyloidogenic proteins have often been lumped together simply because those proteins aggregate. However, research has identified a more logical reason to group some of these diseases together. The associated proteins not only aggregate, but also bind copper. The APP (amyloid precursor protein) binds copper in an N-terminal region. Binding of copper has been suggested to influence generation of β-amyloid from the protein. PrP (prion protein) binds copper, and this appears to be necessary for its normal function and might also reduce its probability of conversion into an infectious prion. α-Synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, also binds copper, but, in this case, it potentially increases the rate at which the protein aggregates. The similarities between these proteins, in terms of metal binding, has allowed us to investigate them using similar approaches. In the present review, we discuss some of these approaches.

scholarly journals Human Rights: Illusion or Reality; Theological (Shiite) Perspective (Part 2)

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Ali Jamkarani
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Sphere ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Rights History ◽  
Different Parts

The discussion is based around these issues, history of Human Rights, timeline for Human Rights history, question asked in this regard and enemy and friend of ‘human rights’. Describing the problems and its resolve from logical reasoning perspective; intellectual argumentation based on logical reason of, what is universal human right, democracy and illegal wars in the world by super powers as example America? Attempt to describe the inner construction of a human being-perfection-. Introduction to the concept of infallibility in different parts in the article, purify yourself and being purified. What is it, is it possible for a creation named human to be not fallible, is the idea or practicing it impossible or there is a great sphere of being able to practicing it and reaching the status if one finds guidance for the right way with peace and human rights prevailed in the world. Majority of the thought in the text, based on hadith-tradition- from the Prophet of Islam Peace upon Him and His family Ahl al-Bait Peace upon Them.

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