Personnes âgées et perception des risques en matière de conduite automobile: les conducteurs âgés manifestent-ils encore de l'optimisme comparatif?

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Spitzenstetter ◽  
Michelle Moessinger
Keyword(s):  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Personnes Âgées ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Comparative Optimism ◽  
Conduite Automobile ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Comparison Target

ABSTRACTPeople frequently express comparative optimism; that is, they believe they are less likely than average to experience negative events. The aim of the present study is, first, to observe whether people of more than 65 years are still optimists when they evaluate driving-related risks; and second, to test the assumption that older drivers show less optimism when they compare themselves with average-age drivers than when they compare themselves with same-age drivers. Our results reveal that drivers of more than 65 years do, indeed, express comparative optimism, but, contrary to our expectation, only in a limited number of cases does the age of the comparison target appear to have an effect. These results are particularly discussed in terms of self-image enhancement.

Optimism and Its Associations with Health Behavior and Responses to Health Communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Dillard ◽  
Erin M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Dispositional Optimism ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Unrealistic Optimism ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Comparative Optimism ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Experience Good ◽  
Positive Expectancy

When individuals are asked whether they will someday own their own home, enjoy a productive career, or develop a myriad of diseases, many are optimistic. Generally, they think they will experience more good than bad outcomes in life and they view themselves as more likely than similar others to experience the good things and less likely than others to experience the bad things. In the area of health behavior and communication, there are three primary types of optimism that have been defined and operationalized: (1) Dispositional optimism is the generalized positive expectancy that one will experience good outcomes. (2) Comparative optimism refers to the belief that one is either more likely than others to experience positive events or less likely than others to experience negative events. (3) Unrealistic optimism refers to an underestimation of one’s actual risk of experiencing some negative event. Although the three types of optimism may be correlated, their associations may be modest. Also, unlike dispositional optimism, which is an individual difference, comparative and unrealistic optimism are often risk perceptions about specific events and therefore can be defined as accurate or inaccurate. For this reason, the latter two types of optimism have sometimes been labeled the optimistic bias. Research on all three varieties of optimism affords opportunities to understand how optimism influences information processing in a health message or one’s behavioral intentions following the message.

Emotional Responses to Social Comparisons in Reality Television Programming

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Lewis ◽  
Andrew J. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Reality Television ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Television Programming ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Comparison ◽  
Comparison Target

Abstract. In recent years, the viewing of reality television has become increasingly prevalent among television audiences. However, little is known about the psychological processes at work when viewing these programs. This study examined how social comparisons to cast members influenced emotional responses to reality television programming. Participants (N = 231) were cued with a specific comparison target group and placed in a situation of self-image enhancement or threat. Afterwards, participants watched a clip from a reality television program and then reported their emotional reactions to it. The manipulations of comparison target group and self-image affected both the direction of social comparisons made and their associated emotional responses. Participant gender also influenced social comparisons to the cast members and resulting emotional responses to the content. Although we were unable to compare the social comparison-related emotional responses to reality programs with those of scripted programs, the results of this study bring to bear the associations between specific emotional responses and the types of social comparisons that take place when watching reality television programming.

This Only Happens to Others

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Le Barbenchon ◽  
Isabelle Milhabet ◽  
Clémentine Bry
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Comparative Optimism ◽  
Self Image

Abstract. This paper investigates the specific self-presentational situations in which people confirm or negate their comparative optimism in order to convey a favorable self-image. One pilot study and three experiments showed that people increase their comparative optimism to convey an image of competence, but not one of warmth (Pilot Study, Study 1), as well as to present an advantageous self-image in professional situations, although not in friendship situations (Studies 2–3). These effects occur in self-presentation situations involving both low (Studies 1–2) and high (Study 3) levels of accountability. Additional findings indicate that the presentation of a risk-taking self-image is unrelated to comparative optimism, whereas the presentation of a modest self-image leads people to decrease their comparative optimism estimates (Study 3). Results are discussed in the light of the underlying self-presentational motivations in specific situations.

Do childhood memories colour social judgements of today? The case of repressors

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn B. Myers ◽  
Nazanin Derakshan
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Repressive Coping ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Childhood Memories ◽  
Comparative Optimism ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Repressive Coping Style

Previous research has shown that individuals who possess a repressive coping style have significantly poorer recall of negative childhood memories and also exhibit more comparative optimism for negative events than nonrepressors. The current study investigated whether there is a relationship between recall of childhood memories and comparative optimism. Repressors (REP, low trait anxiety–high defensiveness, N = 20) were compared with specific nonrepressor groups on trait anxiety and defensiveness: low anxious (LA, N = 16), high anxious (HA, N = 16) defensive high anxious (DHA, N = 13), and a non‐extreme group (NE, N = 15) chosen from an initial pool of 163 female participants. For REP compared with all non‐REP, age of earliest negative memory recalled was significantly older and REP recalled significantly fewer negative childhood memories. For REP only there was a significant correlation between number of negative memories recalled and comparative optimism, with high comparative optimism correlated with a low number of negative childhood memories recalled. There were no other significant correlations with comparative optimism, overall, or for any of the sub‐groups. These results indicate a link between childhood and adult measures of social judgements for REP only. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Older People Driving a High-Tech Automobile: Emergent Driving Routines and New Relationships with Driving

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Gish ◽  
Amanda Grenier ◽  
Brenda Vrkljan ◽  
Benita Van Miltenburg
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Lane Departure Warning ◽  
Conduite Automobile ◽  
Lane Departure ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Vehicle Technologies

Advanced vehicle technologies (AVTs) (e.g., lane departure warning, blind spot monitoring) are sophisticated computer and electronically mediated communications that provide information to users, and, at times, assume control over parts of the driving task (e.g., automated braking). This article examines how AVTs are refashioning older people’s embodied relationships with driving, including driving routines, skills, sensuous dispositions, and modes of control that are considered integral to driving. Results from interviews with 35 older drivers driving a high-tech car call attention to the opportunities and challenges that entanglements with AVTs can present for aging drivers.Les technologies automobiles de pointe (TAP) (par exemple, les systèmes de suivi de voie et de surveillance d’angle mort) offrent une communication informatique et électronique qui informe les automobilistes et parfois même assume le contrôle d’une partie de la conduite (par exemple, freinage automatique). Cet article examine comment les TAP sont en train de modifier le rapport personnel des aînés envers la conduite, y compris les routines, habiletés, dispositions sensuelles et modes de contrôle qui font partie intégrante de la conduite automobile. Les résultats d’entretiens avec 35 aînés conduisant des automobiles de pointe soulignent les occasions et défis que les TAP peuvent présenter à ces aînés.MOTS CLÉS  Phénoménologie; Technologie; Usagers et gratifications; Vieillissement; Personnalisation

scholarly journals Self-Image Enhancement through Branded Accessories among Youths: A Phenomenological Study in India

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anitha Acharya ◽  
Manish Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Youth Population

Fashion not only forms an important part of everyday consumption decisions, but also plays an important role in all daily events such as, the clothing we wear, how we think and also what we eat and where we eat. In realism, fashion is an outcome of a dynamic culture and common shifts in the tastes and style of individuals. The center of the debate appears to be that branded fashion accessories involvement is likely to be associated with differences in sensitivity to one’s social surroundings (Auty & Elliott, 1998). The question is: “Whether involvement in fashion accessories with its strong brand image and sensory components, has similar capabilities to be seen as a significant possession creating a fulfilling life, because of the happiness, success, and central position it may occupy in the lives of some?” Branded fashion accessories are increasingly becoming popular among India’s youth population. However, less attention has been given to understand the reasons behind this changing consumer behaviour in India. Thus, this study aims to understand the role of branded fashion accessories in self-image enhancement of India’s youth. For this purpose, semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted using college students who wear and who do not wear branded fashion accessories. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) of the data revealed that “social belongingness,” “sense of completeness,” “self-confidence,” and “style and price” are the important factors that play a vital role in affecting youth’s self-image. These findings may encourage retailers to focus their product and sales strategies on consumers’ positive emotions and promote their products among non-consumers by explaining how these products can benefit them.

scholarly journals Outil de sensibilisation des proches à la conduite automobile des aînés

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Vigeant ◽  
Mylène Arseneault-Legault ◽  
Rachel Boily ◽  
Sarah Buchanan ◽  
Jean-François Carosella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Compensatory Strategies ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Older Driver ◽  
Conduite Automobile ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Awareness Tool ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to explore the impact of an awareness tool for relatives of older drivers (OSCARPA) on i) their interest, openness and knowledge, ii) changes of abilities required for safe driving, and iii) utilization of compensatory strategies. A pre-experimental design with pretest (T0) and post-test (T1) eight to ten weeks after the intervention was realized with 45 relatives in contact with an older driver of 65 years old or older and who was driving at least once a week. Overall, the results demonstrated that OSCARPA increased i) interest, openness and knowledge of relatives (p<0.001), as well as their perceptions of ii) changes of abilities of older drivers (p=0.02), and iii) their utilization of compensatory strategies (p=0.001). Future studies would be relevant to further evaluate and increase the effectiveness of OSCARPA.

Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 403-406
Author(s):  
M. Karovska ◽  
B. Wood ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. Cook ◽  
R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Contrast Structures ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.

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