Investigation of the effect of bath temperature on the bath–freeze lining interface temperature in the CuOx–FeOy–MgO–SiO2 system at copper metal saturation

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijl Crivits ◽  
Peter C. Hayes ◽  
Evgueni Jak
Keyword(s):  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Copper Metal ◽  
Sio2 System ◽  
Freeze Lining

scholarly journals Investigation of Bath/Freeze Lining Interface Temperature Based on the Rheology of the Slag

JOM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samant Nagraj ◽  
Mathias Chintinne ◽  
Muxing Guo ◽  
Bart Blanpain
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Freeze Lining ◽  
High Thermal Resistance ◽  
Critical Viscosity ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractFreeze lining is a solidified layer of slag formed on the inner side of a water-cooled pyrometallurgical reactor, which protects the reactor walls from thermal, physical, and chemical attacks. Because of the freeze lining's high thermal resistance, the reactor heat losses strongly depend on the freeze lining thickness. In a batch process such as slag fuming, the conditions change with time, affecting the freeze lining thickness. Determining the freeze lining thickness is challenging as it cannot be measured directly. In this study, a conceptual framework based on the morphology and microstructure of freeze lining and the rheology of the slag is discussed and experimentally evaluated to determine the freeze lining thickness. It was found that the bath/freeze lining interface lies just below critical viscosity temperature. The growth of the freeze lining is primarily controlled by the mechanical and thermal degradation of the crystals forming at the interface. The bath/freeze lining interface temperature for the measured slag lies in the range of 1035–1070°C.

scholarly journals A lump-integral model based freezing and melting of a bath material onto a cylindrical additive of negligible resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
U.C. Singh ◽  
A. Prasad ◽  
A. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Short Times

In a theoretical analysis, a lump-integral model for freezing and melting of the bath material onto a cylindrical additive having its thermal resistance negligible with respect to that of the bath is developed. It is regulated by independent nondimensional parameters, namely the Stefan number, St the heat capacity ratio, Cr and the modified conduction factor, Cofm. Series solutions associated with short times for time variant growth of the frozen layer and rise in interface temperature between the additive and the frozen layer are obtained. For all times, numerical solutions concerning the frozen layer growth with its melting and increase in the interface temperature are also found. Time for freezing and melting is estimated for different values of Cr, St and Cofm. It is predicted that for lower total time of freezing and melting Cofm<2 or Cr<1 needs to be maintained. When the bath temperature equals the freezing temperature of the bath material, the model is governed by only Cr and St and gives closed-form expressions for the growth of the frozen layer and the interface temperature. For the interface attaining the freezing temperature of the bath material the maximum thickness of the frozen layer becomes ?max-?Cr(Cr+St). The model is validated once it is reduced to a problem of heating of the additive without freezing of the bath material onto the additive. Its closed-form solution is exactly the same as that reported in the literature.

Penggunaan Limbah Logam Tembaga yang Didaur Ulang untuk Antibakteri dan Degradasi Metil Merah Secara Fotolisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Ariyetti Ariyetti ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Safni Safni ◽  
Syukri Darajat
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Methyl Red ◽  
Copper Metal ◽  
Sulfate Hydrate ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

<p><em>Metil merah merupakan salah satu zat warna golongan azo yang sering digunakan dalam industri dan laboratorium. Penggunaan metil merah dapat menimbulkan efek terhadap kesehatan dan lingkungan. Oleh sebab itu dilakukan metode fotodegradasi dengan menggunakan semikonduktor dan radiasi sinar tampak. Semikonduktor yang digunakan yaitu berbahan dasar tembaga sulfat hidrat dan perak nitrat. Prekusor tembaga sulfat hidrat dibuat dari pengolahan limbah logam tembaga hasil pemotongan tembaga yang ada di bengkel Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Bandung. Bahan semikonduktor juga memiliki kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Hasil optimum yang didapatkan dalam proses fotodegradasi dan antibakteri merupakan gabungan antara kedua prekusor tembaga sulfat hidrat dan perak nitrat dengan bantuan penyinaran. Kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri didapatkan persentase kematian 100 % untuk masing-masing bakteri, yaitu Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Aktifitas fotokatalitiknya dengan konsentrasi semikonduktor 10 ppm untuk mendegradasi zat warna metil merah 5 ppm, selama 23 jam, dimana persentase degradasi yang didapatkan dengan penyinaran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanpa penyinaran. Pengaruh pH larutan terhadap degradasi metil merah yaitu optimum pada pH 12 (basa).</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Methyl red is one of the azo group dyes that is often used in industry and laboratories. The use of methyl red can have an effect on health and the environment. Therefore photodegradation method is done by using semiconductor and visible light radiation. The semiconductor used is based on copper sulfate hydrate and silver nitrate. The copper sulphate hydrate precursor is made from the processing of copper-cut copper metal waste in the workshop of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in Bandung. Semiconductor materials also have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth. The optimum results obtained in the photodegradation and antibacterial process are a combination of both copper sulfate hydrate precursor and silver nitrate with the help of irradiation. The ability to inhibit bacterial growth obtained 100% mortality for each bacterium, namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Photocatalytic activity with 10 ppm semiconductor concentration to degrade methyl red dye 5 ppm, for 23 hours, where the percentage of degradation obtained by irradiation is higher than without irradiation. The effect of pH of the solution on the degradation of methyl red is optimum at pH 12 (base).</em></p>

Hyperfine Interactions in Copper Sites of Dielectric and Superconducting Copper Metal Oxides

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1100-1102
Author(s):  
E. I. Terukov ◽  
A. V. Marchenko ◽  
A. A. Luzhkov ◽  
P. P. Seregin ◽  
K. B. Shakhovich
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Hyperfine Interactions ◽  
Copper Metal ◽  
Copper Sites

Combined Temperature and Force Control for Robotic Friction Stir Welding

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Fehrenbacher ◽  
Christopher B. Smith ◽  
Neil A. Duffie ◽  
Nicola J. Ferrier ◽  
Frank E. Pfefferkorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Weld Quality ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Tool Position ◽  
Robotic Friction Stir Welding

The objective of this research is to develop a closed-loop control system for robotic friction stir welding (FSW) that simultaneously controls force and temperature in order to maintain weld quality under various process disturbances. FSW is a solid-state joining process enabling welds with excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties, as well as significant energy consumption and cost savings compared to traditional fusion welding processes. During FSW, several process parameter and condition variations (thermal constraints, material properties, geometry, etc.) are present. The FSW process can be sensitive to these variations, which are commonly present in a production environment; hence, there is a significant need to control the process to assure high weld quality. Reliable FSW for a wide range of applications will require closed-loop control of certain process parameters. A linear multi-input-multi-output process model has been developed that captures the dynamic relations between two process inputs (commanded spindle speed and commanded vertical tool position) and two process outputs (interface temperature and axial force). A closed-loop controller was implemented that combines temperature and force control on an industrial robotic FSW system. The performance of the combined control system was demonstrated with successful command tracking and disturbance rejection. Within a certain range, desired axial forces and interface temperatures are achieved by automatically adjusting the spindle speed and the vertical tool position at the same time. The axial force and interface temperature is maintained during both thermal and geometric disturbances and thus weld quality can be maintained for a variety of conditions in which each control strategy applied independently could fail.

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