Defect Snap Shot: Quick Isolation and Mapping of Interconnect Defects for Backend Yield Improvement

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Fan ◽  
Dave Mark
Keyword(s):  
Metal Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Process Complexity

Abstract Metal interconnect defects have become a more serious yield detractor as backend process complexity has increased from a single layer to about 10 layers. This paper introduces a test methodology to monitor and localize the metal defects based on FPGA products. The test patterns are generated for each metal layer. The results not only indicate the severity of defects for each metal layer, but also accurately isolate open/short defects.

Graphene Growth by Transfer-Free CVD Method Using Cobalt/Nickel Catalyst Layer

2018 ◽  
Vol 919 ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Petr Machac ◽  
Ondrej Hejna
Keyword(s):  
Metal Layer ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Single Layer Graphene ◽  
Nickel Layer ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Cvd Method ◽  
Cobalt Nickel

Graphene has been long considered for application in electronics manufacturing due to its extraordinary electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. This paper focuses on the graphene preparation onto dielectric substrate using transfer-free chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method with an intermediate catalytic metal layer (cobalt, nickel). Graphene layers were formed via segregation mechanism at temperatures in the range of 850 - 1050 °C onto the metal-dielectric boundary. Evaluated Raman spectra, which reveal the number of graphene layers and their defectivity suggested, that thinner metal layer and balanced ratio of H2:CH4 yield the best results for both cobalt and nickel layer. Spectra showed low amount of defects and the average number of carbon layers between 2-3, however, single-layer graphene (SLG) samples were also prepared. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that graphene domains on larger scale are not fully continuous.

Single-layer fully-planar extended-composite right-/left-handed transmission lines based on substrate integrated waveguides for dual-band and quad-band applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Durán-Sindreu ◽  
Jordi Bonache ◽  
Ferran Martín ◽  
Tatsuo Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Circuit ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Lumped Element ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Lumped Elements ◽  
Band Pass

The implementation and application of single-layer fully-planar extended-composite right-/left-handed transmission lines (E-CRLH TLs) in substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology are presented. The multiband CRLH behavior of these artificial lines is explained by considering the lumped element equivalent circuit model. The potential of these lines for dual-band and quad-band applications is demonstrated by designing and fabricating a quad-band Y-junction power divider and two dual-band band-pass filters. The main relevant advantage of SIW-based E-CRLH TLs over other E-CRLH lines is fabrication simplicity, since only a single metal layer must be etched and lumped elements are avoided. The fabricated prototypes exhibit very reasonable performance. It is remarkable that for dual-band band-pass filters, standard Chebyshev responses can be obtained to a very good approximation.

Contemporary Results of Carotid Artery Stenting Using Low-Profile Dual-Metal Layer Nitinol Micromesh Stents in Relation to Single-Layer Carotid Stents

2021 ◽  
pp. 152660282110250
Author(s):  
Andrea Kahlberg ◽  
Victor Bilman ◽  
Vincenzo Ardita ◽  
Daniele Mascia ◽  
Luca Bertoglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Stenting ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis ◽  
Perioperative Outcomes ◽  
Stent Group ◽  
Low Profile

Purpose: To evaluate patients characteristics, procedural details, perioperative outcomes, and midterm results of carotid artery stenting (CAS) performed with the Roadsaver/Casper stent (Terumo Corp, Tokyo, Japan) as compared to concurrent patients treated with other commercially available carotid stents. Materials and Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective, nonrandomized study including 200 consecutive patients who underwent a total of 205 elective CAS procedures due to severe internal carotid artery stenosis between April 2015 and December 2018. Procedural data and outcomes for patients treated with the Roadsaver/Casper stent implantation (100 procedures, in 97 patients) vs first-generation carotid stents implantations (90 procedures, in 88 patients) were compared. Fifteen patients were treated with CGuard carotid stent (InspireMD, Tel Aviv, Israel), and outcomes were reported separately. Primary endpoints were the occurrence of major adverse cerebrovascular events (MACE), including death, ipsilateral stroke, and transitory ischemic attack (TIA). Secondary endpoints were the rate of intrastent stenosis, the need for reintervention, and the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and need for inotropic support. Results: No difference in demographics and preoperative risk factors were observed between patients treated with and without the Roadsaver/Casper stent. The mean procedure time was shorter in the Roadsaver/Casper group (40.7±16.9 vs 49.4±27.3 minutes; p=0.008), while radial percutaneous access was more frequent (24% vs 5%; p<0.001). The rate of stroke/TIA/death at 30 days was 3% in the Roadsaver group vs 1% in the first-generation stent group (p=0.623). The primary patencyrate was 100% and 93.4% at 1- and 3-year of follow-up in the Roadsaver/Casper groupand 99% and 94.3% in the other stent group, respectively (p=0.95). Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of patients undergoing CAS, the Roadsaver/Casper stent was used to treat more symptomatic and vulnerable carotid plaques as compared to other carotid stents. Nevertheless, patients treated with this low-profile dual-layer micromesh stent showed low events rates at both 30 days and follow-up, similar to that observed for other stents.

Modeling of CH4 Adsorption-Induced Curvature of a Nanocantilever

2013 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Qing An Huang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Native Oxide ◽  
Cantilever Sensors

In this paper, a simulation model is proposed to describe CH4 adsorption-induced curvature of a nanocantilever, based on the energy transfer between potential energy of adsorbates and elastic energy of the bending cantilever. For most cantilever sensors, the basic structure is a silicon beam coated with a metal layer on the top, and aluminum is chosen here. Because the native oxide is usually formed during the fabrication of silicon beams, we have to describe the effect of native oxide on the elastic modulus of the silicon nanobeam in this model based on the semi-continuum method. This model gives a way to predict the curvature of the composite cantilever with native oxide when adsorbing a single layer of CH4 molecules.

Multilayer Masking Technique for Deep Isotropic Silicon Wet Etching

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 2444-2447
Author(s):  
Lei Nie ◽  
Jun Xing Yu ◽  
Kun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Etching Rate ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Wet Etching ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Deep Etching ◽  
Metal Layers ◽  
Excellent Chemical

A multilayer masking technique was presented aiming at the requirements of deep isotropic silicon wet etching. Because the processing time of deep etching is relatively long and etching rate is high, it is very hard to achieve satisfying etching result by using conventional photoresist or metal single layer mask. Thus multilayer mask consisting of photoresist and metal layers is fabricated to exert respective advantages and avoid disadvantages. Based on its excellent chemical and thermal stabilities and high viscosity, Su-8 was selected as the material of photoresist layer. The metal layer was fabricated by chromium because it could alleviate the undercut problem in great extent. Results of etching experiment indicated that no obvious defect of pinhole or crack was found on this multilayer mask after etching to the depth of about 300μm. Thus it is undoubted this masking technology is capable for deep silicon wet etching.

Crystalline order to a resolution of 4.7 A in the sheath of Methanospirilium hungatii: A cross-beta structure

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Murray Stewart ◽  
T.J. Beveridge ◽  
D. Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Tube Axis ◽  
Basic Subunit ◽  
Beta Structure ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Protein Treatment ◽  
General Appearance

The archaebacterium Methanospirillum hungatii has a sheath as part of its cell wall which is composed mainly of protein. Treatment with dithiothreitol or NaOH released the intact sheaths and electron micrographs of this material negatively stained with uranyl acetate showed flattened hollow tubes, about 0.5 μm diameter and several microns long, in which the patterns from the top and bottom were superimposed. Single layers, derived from broken tubes, were also seen and were more simply analysed. Figure 1 shows the general appearance of a single layer. There was a faint axial periodicity at 28.5 A, which was stronger at irregular multiples of 28.5 A (3 and 4 times were most common), and fine striations were also seen at about 3° to the tube axis. Low angle electron diffraction patterns (not shown) and optical diffraction patterns (Fig. 2) from these layers showed a complex meridian (as a result of the irregular nature of the repeat along the tube axis) which showed a clear maximum at 28.5 A, consistent with the basic subunit spacing.

Differentiation Processes of the Ocellar Retina of the Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
Maria Anna Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Adult Worker

In addition to the compound eyes, honeybees have three dorsal ocelli on the vertex of the head. Each ocellus has about 800 elongated photoreceptor cells. They are paired and the distal segment of each pair bears densely packed microvilli forming together a platelike fused rhabdom. Beneath a common cuticular lens a single layer of corneagenous cells is present.Ultrastructural studies were made of the retina of praepupae, different pupal stages and adult worker bees by thin sections and freeze-etch preparations. In praepupae the ocellar anlage consists of a conical group of epidermal cells that differentiate to photoreceptor cells, glial cells and corneagenous cells. Some photoreceptor cells are already paired and show disarrayed microvilli with circularly ordered filaments inside. In ocelli of 2-day-old pupae, when a retinogenous and a lentinogenous cell layer can be clearly distinguished, cell membranes of the distal part of two photoreceptor cells begin to interdigitate with each other and so start to form the definitive microvilli. At the beginning the microvilli often occupy the whole width of the developing rhabdom (Fig. 1).

Characterization of a monolayer graphitic structure

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 760-761
Author(s):  
X. Lin ◽  
X. K. Wang ◽  
V. P. Dravid ◽  
J. B. Ketterson ◽  
R. P. H. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Graphitic Structure ◽  
Positive Gaussian Curvature ◽  
Graphitic Sheet ◽  
Structural And Electronic Properties ◽  
New Material ◽  
Hexagonal Network

For small curvatures of a graphitic sheet, carbon atoms can maintain their preferred sp2 bonding while allowing the sheet to have various three-dimensional geometries, which may have exotic structural and electronic properties. In addition the fivefold rings will lead to a positive Gaussian curvature in the hexagonal network, and the sevenfold rings cause a negative one. By combining these sevenfold and fivefold rings with sixfold rings, it is possible to construct complicated carbon sp2 networks. Because it is much easier to introduce pentagons and heptagons into the single-layer hexagonal network than into the multilayer network, the complicated morphologies would be more common in the single-layer graphite structures. In this contribution, we report the observation and characterization of a new material of monolayer graphitic structure by electron diffraction, HREM, EELS.The synthesis process used in this study is reported early. We utilized a composite anode of graphite and copper for arc evaporation in helium.

The Continuous Single-Layer Anastomosis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steinke ◽  
Leippold ◽  
Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Single Layer

Über die Frage der besten oder "richtigen" Technik bei gastrointestinalen Anastomosen wird seit je diskutiert. Die Ansprüche an eine gute Anastomosentechnik sind: Gute Durchblutung, Wasserdichtigkeit, Spannungsfreiheit, Sicherheit, leichte Durchführbarkeit, wenig Unruhe und Verschmutzung im Operationsgebiet und geringe Kosten. Die Operationstechnik der extramukösen, fortlaufenden Anastomosentechnik im Gastrointestinaltrakt wird in Wort und Bild erläutert. Anhand einer Pilotstudie, einer randomisierten Vergleichsstudie, einer Schweizer Multizenterstudie und schliesslich einer 5-jährigen Qualitätskontrollstudie wird gezeigt, dass diese "Schweizer"-Technik allen Anforderungen zur Durchführung einer "idealen" Anastomose gerecht wird und an fast allen intestinalen Lokalisationen verwendet werden kann.

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