Urban Transportation Planning for Air Quality Management: Case Study in Delhi, India, of Role of Social and Economic Costs in Welfare Maximization of Mobility Choice

2002 ◽  
Vol 1817 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolin Kokaz ◽  
Peter Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Management Case Study

Recent economic expansion and population growth in developing countries have had a big impact on the development of large cities like Delhi, India. Accompanied by Delhi’s rapid spatial growth over the last 25 years, urban sprawl has contributed to increased travel. The vehicle fleet projected at current growth rates will result in more than 13 million vehicles in Delhi in 2020. Planning and managing such a rapidly growing transport sector will be a challenge. Choices made now will have effects lasting well into the middle of the century. With such rapid transport growth rates, automobile emissions have become the fastest increasing source of urban air pollution. In India, most urban areas, including Delhi, already have major air pollution problems that could be greatly exacerbated if growth of the transport sector is managed unwisely. The transport plans designed to meet such large increases in travel demand will have to emphasize the movement of people, not vehicles, for a sustainable transportation system. Therefore, a mathematical model was developed to estimate the optimal transportation mix to meet this projected passenger-km demand while satisfying environmental goals, reducing congestion levels, and improving system and fuel efficiencies by exploiting a variety of policy options at the minimum overall cost or maximum welfare from transport. The results suggest that buses will continue to satisfy most passenger transport in the coming decades, so planning done in accordance with improving bus operations is crucial.

scholarly journals The possibilities of using biodiesel in service of reducing the urban air pollution

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veljko Đukić
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Transport Sector

Using renewable energy is in line with the global strategy of sustainable development. The use of biofuels in transport contributes to increasing security of supply and reducing dependence of the transport sector on oil, reducing the share of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport and sustainable development of urban areas. The advantage of biodiesel in comparison to other alternative fuels can be seen in use in existing vehicles without or with minor modification of existing motors, depending on the concentration of biofuels in combination with fossil fuels. This paper discusses the possibilities of reducing the air pollution by using biodiesel, pollutants arising as a result of combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines, as well as the possibility of using waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel. The presented results show the reduction of air pollution using biodiesel as an alternative fuel, as well as the possibilities of solving the problem of wasting edible oil by using it for biodiesel production

An Urban Air Pollution Early Warning System Based on PM2.5 Prediction Applied in Ploiesti City

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-863
Author(s):  
Mihaela Oprea ◽  
Marius Olteanu ◽  
Radu Teodor Ianache
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Prediction Approach

Fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 �m (i.e. PM2.5) is an air pollutant of special concern for urban areas due to its potential significant negative effects on human health, especially on children and elderly people. In order to reduce these effects, new tools based on PM2.5 monitoring infrastructures tailored to specific urban regions are needed by the local and regional environmental management systems for the provision of an expert support to decision makers in air quality planning for cities and also, to inform in real time the vulnerable population when PM2.5 related air pollution episodes occur. The paper focuses on urban air pollution early warning based on PM2.5 prediction. It describes the methodology used, the prediction approach, and the experimental system developed under the ROKIDAIR project for the analysis of PM2.5 air pollution level, health impact assessment and early warning of sensitive people in the Ploiesti city. The PM2.5 concentration evolution prediction is correlated with PM2.5 air pollution and health effects analysis, and the final result is processed by the ROKIDAIR Early Warning System (EWS) and sent as a message to the affected population via email or SMS. ROKIDAIR EWS is included in the ROKIDAIR decision support system.

scholarly journals Does High-Speed Rail Influence Urban Dynamics and Land Pricing?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panrawee Rungskunroch ◽  
Yuwen Yang ◽  
Sakdirat Kaewunruen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
City Development ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Practical Factors

At present, many countries around the world have significantly invested in sustainable transportation systems, especially for high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructures, since they are believed to improve economies, and regenerate regional and business growth. In this study, we focus on economic growth, dynamic land use, and urban mobility. The emphasis is placed on testing a hypothesis about whether HSRs can enable socio-economic development. Real case studies using big data from large cities in China, namely Shanghai province and Minhang districts, are taken into account. Socio-technical information such as employment rate, property pricing, and agglomeration in the country’s economy is collected from the China Statistics Bureau and the China Academy of Railway Sciences for analyses. This research aims to re-examine practical factors resulting from HSR’s impact on urban areas by using ANOVA analysis and dummy variable regression to analyse urban dynamics and property pricing. In addition, this study enhances the prediction outcomes that lead to urban planning strategies for the business area. The results reveal that there are various effects (i.e., regional accessibility, city development plans, and so on) required to enable the success of HSR infrastructure in order to enrich urban dynamics and land pricing. This paper also highlights critical perspectives towards sustainability, which are vital to social and economic impacts. In addition, this study provides crucial perspectives on sustainable developments for future HSR projects.

Transportation and the Environment in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-409
Author(s):  
Shanjun Li ◽  
Jianwei Xing ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Transportation Policies

In urban areas around the world, increasing motorization and growing travel demand make the urban transportation sector an ever-greater contributor to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The situation is particularly acute in developing countries, where growing metropolitan regions suffer some of the world's highest levels of air pollution. Policies that seek to develop and manage this transportation sector—both to meet rising demand linked to economic growth and to safeguard the environment and human health—have had strikingly different results, with some inadvertently exacerbating the traffic and pollution they seek to mitigate. This review summarizes findings in the recent literature on the impacts of a host of urban transportation policies used in both developed- and developing-country settings. The article identifies research challenges and future areas of study regarding transportation policies, which can have important, long-lasting impacts on urban life and global climate change.

scholarly journals Sustainable Transport Strategies: A Case Study of Riyad, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Gaydaa Al Zohbi
Keyword(s):  
Travel Demand ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Road Mortality ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
High Level

Transport is considered as an important action zone for achieving sustainable development since it takes a significant part in the economy sector with its existence among the production pattern, at geographic ladder [1]. Although, it is evident that the transport sector is responsible for many environmental issues. Riyad city is suffered from severe pollution caused by extensive use of motorized transport. Thus, implementation of appropriate policy tools relieve the harmful effect of transport activities by attaining sustainable transport. This paper pursues to evaluate the sustainability situation of transportation sector in Riyad city by using real data. The current paper ended with some recommendations to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA. Results indicated that the increase of car ownership and travel demand, the low use of public transport, and the rise of air and noise pollution level and the high level of road mortality lead to make the transportation system of Riyad unsustainable. On the other hand, the Saudi government have already started to execute many planned projects to achieve sustainable transportation such as the metro and bus network in Riyad and the installation of charger station of electric vehicle. In addition, the Saudi government set out many policies and target such as Target 11.2 that aims to achieve sustainable transportation in KSA and Target 3.6 that intents to minimize the high mortality rate from road accidents.

scholarly journals Are cities responsible for their air pollution?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Thunis ◽  
Alain Clappier ◽  
Alexander de Meij ◽  
Enrico Pisoni ◽  
Bertrand Bessagnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Average Factor ◽  
Single Number ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

Abstract. While the burden caused by air pollution in urban areas is well documented, the origin of this pollution and therefore the responsibility of the urban areas in generating this pollution is still a subject of scientific discussion. Source Apportionment represents a useful technique to quantify the city responsibility but the approaches and applications are not harmonized, therefore not comparable, resulting in confusing and sometimes contradicting interpretations. In this work, we analyze how different source apportionment approaches apply to the urban scale and how their building elements and parameters are defined and set. We discuss in particular the options available in terms of indicator, receptor, source and methodology. We show that different choices for these options lead to very large differences in terms of outcome. In average over the 150 EU large cities selected in our study, the choices made for the indicator, the receptor and the source each lead to an average factor 2 difference. We also show that temporal and spatial averaging processes applied to the air quality indicator, especially when diverging source apportionments are aggregated into a single number lead to favor strategies that target background sources while occulting actions that would be efficient at the city center. We stress that methodological choices and assumptions most often lead to a systematic and important underestimation of the city responsibility, with important implications. Indeed, if cities are seen as a minor actor, plans will target in priority the background at the expense of potentially effective local actions.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Urban Air Pollution and Urban Planning Decisions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sinem Ozcan ◽  
K. Mert Cubukcu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Diffusion Tubes ◽  
Pollution Problem

The air pollution problem remains, although significant improvements have been seen in urban air quality over the last years. This study aims to show that the spatial statistic techniques can well be used to examine and explain the air pollution levels in urban areas. The data for SO2 and NO2 concentrations are measures using passive diffusion tubes at the 67 monitoring sites in the district of Çiğli (Izmir). The tubes were exposed for a 2-week period in August 2015. For the determination of the level of clustering for high values and low values of pollutants, Getis-Ord G* local statistics are calculated. There are five points with high values of SO2 surrounded by low values, three points of NO2, where the results are statistically significant at the 0.10 level. The presence of the industrial zone, the form of fossil fuels used in heating, and topography are strong determinants urban air pollution.Keywords: Urban air pollution, planning decisions, spatial autocorrelation, air pollutants eISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v3i11.134

scholarly journals THE PREDICTIVE EFFECTS OF PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY ON ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS URBAN AIR QUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Syazwani Sahrir
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Behavioural Responses

In urban areas, the rigid division of residential, commercial, employment and recreational areas forms a reliance on road transport, which leads to high levels of emission that gradually affects the quality of the urban environment. We establish the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) as a framework for explaining adaptive behavioural responses among urban communities in Malaysia. Participants (N = 450) answered to face-to-face questionnaire survey, and the results specify establishment for the proposed model, with perceived vulnerability (H1) (ß = 0.246, t = 4.534, P=0.000) and and self-efficacy (H3) (ß = 0.510, t = 9.653, P=0.000) positively predicting adaptive behaviour on  urban air pollution. The results presented that these structures were able to predict 47% of the variance of adaptive behaviour. The study establishes a significant contribution to the literature by contributing an indication of PMT as an ideal framework for adaptive behavioural responses on urban air pollution.

scholarly journals Volatile Organic Compound Composition of Urban Air in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1329
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Cordell ◽  
Rikesh Panchal ◽  
Emmanuel Bernard ◽  
Michael Gatari ◽  
Ezekiel Waiguru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan Africa is seeing rapid urbanization, with the population of cities such as Lagos and Nairobi growing at a rate of 3–4% a year. The region is extremely under-sampled for all air pollutants, particularly VOCs, which are useful markers for source apportionment as well as toxic in their own right. There are many contributors to air pollution in the region, and studies examining fine particulate pollution implicate traffic as the primary source in urban areas. In this pilot study, VOCs were analysed at a selection of roadside and urban background locations in Nairobi and Lagos, and 74 VOCs were quantified. GC×GC–MS/FID analysis revealed all locations were dominated by hydrocarbons typical of vehicle emissions, with the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene and toluene among the most abundant VOCs. Typical personal exposure scenarios for citizens of the cities were calculated to far exceed those of a resident in a city in Europe/US. Finally, the calculated ozone forming potential of the VOCs measured was found to be similarly high to other large cities studied with similar air pollution problems. Further study is therefore essential to determine the full extent of VOC pollution in the region and its impact on tropospheric chemistry.

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