Effect of different treatments to bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in tomato, and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) in pepper

In ecological farming systems farmers can't use chemicals against pests. In ecological plant protection the aim is to prevent diseases; if it is not possible the use of allowed materials are permitted. Until now there haven't been enough effective and environmental friendly materials for seed treatment in organic farming. Seed borne diseases of tomato and pepper can cause serious losses in yield, so finding appropriate inhibitors has a great importance. Different materials were tested against these bacterial strains for seed treatment in this study. In vitro trials have shown that vinegar, cider vinegar, red wine vinegar and white wine vinegar have inhibiting effect against the causative agent of bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) of tomato. These materials also have inhibiting impact on the causative agent of bacterial spot of pepper (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria). Seed treatment with (natural alkaline material) sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) had no effect on the examined bacterial strains. Among examined essential oils cinnamon oil seemed to be the most effective, but all oils decreased the germination ability. Thyme and savory teas were effective against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Other examined materials had insufficient bactericide impact (sucrose, NaCI, ethanol, valerian extract, peppermint tea). The germination test has shown that examined vinegar types don't decrease germination ability.

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Resistance to Bacterial Canker in Tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum LA407) and its Progeny Derived from Crosses to L. esculentum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.11.1171 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (11) ◽

pp. 1171-1176 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

David M. Francis ◽

Eileen Kabelka ◽

Julia Bell ◽

Barb Franchino ◽

Dina St. Clair

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Field Trials ◽

Dna Fingerprint ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Lycopersicon Hirsutum ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Linear Correlations

Bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causes significant yield losses on tomatoes grown in a humid environment. This study was conducted to identify a source of resistance that could be easily crossed to cultivated tomato and to study the inheritance of resistance. Diverse bacterial strains representative of the major DNA fingerprint classes endemic to North America were used to screen germ plasm and populations derived from wide crosses. Partial resistance to genetically characterized and distinct strains of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was identified in a wild relative of cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum Lycopersicon accession (LA)407. The level of resistance in LA407 was not significantly different from that of the resistant L. peruvianum control, LA2157. Resistance from LA407 was recovered in lines from a BC2S4 inbred backcross (IBC) population in both greenhouse and field trials. Linear correlations between field and greenhouse resistance scores were significant, though correlation coefficients tended to be low. Variance components for genetic and environmental variation in resistance were used to estimate broad-sense heritability in the IBC population. These estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.34 to 0.85. The number of genes contributing to resistance was estimated from four trials, with most estimates falling in the range of one to three loci. Two lines from the IBC population, IBL 2353 and IBL 2361, were identified as sources that retain resistance in a genetic background that has a theoretical L. esculentum genome content of 87.5%.

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Examinations of potential environmental friendly materials against tomato and pepper patogens

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/14/4/1533 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

Author(s):

A. Tóbiás ◽

J. Lehoczki-Tornai ◽

Z. Szalai ◽

L. Csambalik ◽

A. Ferenczy

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Good Effect ◽

Agricultural Practice ◽

Germination Ability ◽

Wine Vinegar ◽

Good Agricultural Practice

In organic farming systems the focus is on prevention with regards to plant protection. To follow the rules of Good Agricultural Practice one is able to avoid serious yield losses; if it is not possible the use of allowed materials are permitted. Organic farmers have less material to protect their plants so it is necessary to find effective potential materials. Bacterial and fungal diseases of tomato and pepper can cause serious losses in yield. Different materials were tested against some plant pathogen bacterial (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and fungal (Phytoptora infestans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotium) strains in order to find potential materials in the field of organic seed treatment. In vitro trials have shown that vinegar, cider vinegar, red wine vinegar, white wine vinegar, cinnamon and thyme oil have inhibiting effect against the causative agent of bacteria and fungi. Germination test has shown that examined vinegar types do not decrease germination ability if the concentration is low, but in higher (more than 5%) concentration it ruins the germination ability. Even in 0,5% concentration of red — and white vine vinegar have good effect on germination capacity.

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Attempts at Biological Control of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis On Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse Tomatoes

Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin ◽

10.2478/v10032-008-0027-y ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 125-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Czesław Ślusarski

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Root Zone ◽

First Year ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽

Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Attempts at Biological Control ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisOn Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse TomatoesTwo greenhouse experiments were conducted in which tomato plants artificially inoculated withClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensis(Cmm) were grown in an open rockwool system as spring and autumn crops. Two isolates of the rhizosphere bacteria,Pseudomonas fluorescensstrain PSR21,Pseudomonas reactansstrain GGS14, a commercial biocontrol agent Aqua Bac Plus (Bacillusspp.) and a proprietary disinfectant containing QAC+Chx, applied at weekly intervals, were evaluated for their efficiency in the suppression of the bacterial canker of tomato. All treatments tested revealed to be ineffective in controlling the disease. The introduction ofCmmbacteria into the fresh rockwool in the first year of its usage resulted in a 100% death of tomato plants, whereas following an artificial inoculation of two- and three-year-old rockwool slabs withCmmbacteria dead plants amounted to 70 and 58%, respectively. This indicates that in the re-used rockwool a natural microbial suppressiveness to bacterial canker of tomato might be developed in the root zone.

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First Record of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Causing Canker of Tomato Plants in Syria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-4-0649c ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 649-649 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. Ftayeh ◽

A. von Tiedemann ◽

B. Koopmann ◽

K. Rudolph ◽

M. Abu-Ghorrah

Keyword(s):

First Record ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Between March and mid April of 2007, several extensive surveys for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis were carried out among greenhouses in the coastal strip provinces of the Mediterranean Sea in north-west Syria (Latakia and Tartous), where a large proportion of Syrian fresh-market tomatoes are produced. This bacterium causes bacterial canker of tomato and is considered an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). It is currently present in all major tomato-production areas in the EPPO region (4), but has not been previously reported in Syria. The survey revealed typical canker symptoms in 7% of 150 inspected greenhouses that contained cvs. Dima, Huda, and Astona. These symptoms included stunting, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins, wilting and defoliation of whole plants, and vascular discoloration. The disease incidence in such greenhouses was estimated at 15% at the time of the survey. Diseased plants were surface sterilized and homogenized in sterile water. Serial dilutions were plated on nutrient glucose agar. Suspected colonies were further purified by repeated restreaking on new agar plates. All 10 of the suspected strains obtained from different locations were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on the basis of the following observations: bacterial cells of all strains had a coryneform shape, were nonmotile, gram positive according to Gram's reaction test with 3% KOH (2), oxidase-negative, and caused hypersensitive reactions on leaves of Mirabilis jalaba (1) within 24 h. PCR assays were conducted with the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-specific primer set PSA-4/R (3) and template DNA prepared from in-vitro-grown bacteria with the MasterPure Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI). The expected 270-bp amplicon was observed for both reference strains as well as the Syrian strains. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by artificial inoculation of 6-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Lyconorma). Inoculation was performed by stabbing the stem with a sterile needle through a drop (~35 μl) of bacterial suspension (~108 CFU/ml in 0.01 M MgSO4) placed in the axil of the second or third true leaf. Three tomato seedlings were inoculated with each strain. Control plants were inoculated with sterile 0.01 M MgSO4. Symptoms including lateral wilt of leaflets, stem lesions, and wilting of whole plants were observed within 10 to 15 days after inoculation, except for the negative control. To fulfill Koch's postulates, reisolation and reidentification of the pathogen was conducted as previously described. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of bacterial canker of tomato in Syria. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis. Plant Dis. 74:58, 1990. (2) T. J. Gregersen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:123, 1978. (3) K. H. Pastrik and F. A. Rainey. J. Phytopathol. 147:687, 1999. (4) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. Map 253 in: Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO/CABI, 1998.

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Detection and identification of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis by nonradioactive hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and restriction enzyme analysis

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m94-161 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 1007-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J. L. W. Rademaker ◽

J. D. Janse

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Product ◽

Enzyme Analysis ◽

Restriction Enzyme Analysis ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Detection And Identification ◽

Polymerase Chain

To develop a rapid and reliable detection and identification method for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, two biotinylated probes and derived primer sets were evaluated for specificity using a large number of bacterial strains. Detection in dot blot analysis using the Diagen probe against C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus was possible with all 32 C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains tested. Cross-hybridization occurred with all nine C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus strains tested. No hybridization occurred with any of 54 other related and unrelated bacterial strains including C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, C. michiganensis subsp. tessellarius, C. iranicus, C. rathayi, and C. tritici and potato saprophytes. Hybridization of the MIC 1 probe against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was obtained with 22 out of 24 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains. A weak hybridization signal occurred only with two strains of C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosns. No hybridization occurred with any of the 71 other related and unrelated bacterial strains tested including tomato saprophytes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected with the Diagen probe allowed differentiation between C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and the related C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using the MIC 1 probe and BamH1 showed at least two groups of patterns within C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. By using a primer set derived from the Diagen probe, a DNA sequence could be amplified with all C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains tested. Only the nontarget organism C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus yielded a similar polymerase chain reaction product. Restriction enzyme analysis of the polymerase chain reaction product enabled rapid distinction between the subspecies. With a CMM primer set derived from the MIC 1 probe a DNA sequence was amplified from the same 22 out of 24 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains that showed hybridization with the MIC 1 probe. The polymerase chain reaction product could be verified by restriction enzyme analysis. The Diagen and MIC 1 probes and derived primer sets were shown to be useful for the detection and identification of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The MIC 1 probe, however, failed to detect two strains of the latter subspecies.Key words: biotin, PCR, REA, potato bacterial ring rot, bacterial canker of tomato, RFLP, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus.

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