scholarly journals Climate change impacts and product lines

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Szentteleki ◽  
M. Ladányi ◽  
M. Gaál ◽  
A. Hegedűs
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Four Levels

This paper summarizes the main effects of extreme weather events on agricultural production and demonstrates their economic consequences. For cost-benefit analysis of economic impacts and for determination of risk levels simulation models are needed that contains the relationship between product line levels and elements. WIN-SIM model is developed for this goal, specialized for wine production. The model is suitable to analyze the market share, the cost and income relations as well as the relation structure of the product lines. The four levels of the model (site, vine growing, wine production and wine market levels) have individual values added from the aspect of end product, where the product line sets out from the site level and gets through the levels up to the consumer segments. Theoretically, all elements can be connected to any element of the next level and sublevel, but there are “prohibited contacts” because of professional, regulation or production practice reasons.

scholarly journals An Integration of GIS and Simulation Models for a Cost Benefit Analysis of Irrigation Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Monika Ghimire ◽  
Art Stoecker ◽  
Tracy A. Boyer ◽  
Hiren Bhavsar ◽  
Jeffrey Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Hydrological Simulation ◽  
Irrigation Development

<p class="sar-body"><span lang="EN-US">This study incorporates spatially explicit geographic information system and simulation models to develop an optimal irrigation system. The purpose of the optimized irrigation system was to save depleted ground water supplies. ArcGIS was used to calculate the area of potential irrigable soils, and EPANET (a hydrological simulation program) was used to calculate energy costs. Crop yield response functions were used to estimate the yield of cotton to the amount of irrigation and the accumulation of soil salinity over a 50-year period. Four irrigation designs (A, B, C, and D) were analyzed with different irrigation schedules.</span></p><p class="sar-body"><span lang="EN-US">Design A allowed all producers to irrigate simultaneously at 600 gallons per minute (gpm) or 2,271 liters per minute (lpm) while designs B and C divided the irrigable areas into two parts. Design D divided the areas into four parts to allow producers to irrigate one part at a time at 800 gpm (3,028 lpm). Irrigation scheduling not only lessened the water use and cost, but also amplified the profitability of the irrigation system. In design A, if all producers adopted 600 gpm (2,271 lpm) pivots and operated simultaneously, the cost of the 360,000 gpm (1363,000 lpm) pipeline would be prohibitive. In contrast, designs B, C, and D increased net benefits and lowered the breakeven price of cotton. The 50-year net present value for designs A, B, C, and D was profitable over 75, 70, 70, and 65 cents of cotton price per pound (454 g), respectively. Thus, this study endorses irrigation scheduling as a tool for efficient irrigation development and management, and increases water conservation.</span></p>

Economic cost benefit analysis of climate change adaptation for infrastructure

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Michael Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Lessons Learnt

This paper explores the lessons learnt from the Optimising Adaptation Investment projects for the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency–it includes coastal settlements, water supply and rail infrastructure case studies. These projects are the first of their kind in Australia and are considered internationally as a leading example of economic cost benefit analysis. They have been used effectively to inform decision making on specific adaptation responses to climate change risks to existing and new infrastructure. The lessons learnt will be explored for offshore platforms, ports, rail, road, drainage, tailings dams, mine facilities, water, and power supply, which includes the following elements: What decision makers require to make informed decisions under the uncertainty of climate change impacts. Reducing the uncertainty through economic modelling and cost benefit analysis. Optimising the right timing and scale of various adaptation options. Benefiting from oil and gas infrastructure adaptation opportunities. To further support the elements above, the applied process for integrating climate adaptation into infrastructure planning, design and operation will be illustrated by AECOM project experiences. AECOM has completed more than 60 significant climate change risk and adaptation projects for mines, ports, water supply and treatment, energy generation, transmission and distribution, rail, road, and coastal settlements in Australia, including the report: Climate Change Impacts to Infrastructure in Australia for the Garnaut Climate Change Review.

A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR A MONITORING SYSTEM TO DETECT ESTRUS IN DAIRY COWS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. MORRIS ◽  
J. F. HURNIK ◽  
G. J. KING ◽  
H. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Break Even Point

A closed circuit television (TV) and videorecorder were used to monitor continuously the behaviour of postpartum dairy cows. All TV monitored cows were detected in estrus by the third ovulation postpartum, giving an expected calving interval of 362 days if cows were bred at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum. By comparison, cows tied in stalls and observed by the cowmen as part of their regular duties had an expected calving interval of 379 days. The average calving interval of cows recorded in the Canadian Record of Performance was 404 days. By considering the financial savings per lactation in feed and labour, and gains in milk production, all at three levels of net returns to variable costs per lactation and four levels of milk production, the financial advantage of installing the TV monitoring system was calculated. With an annual capital and operating cost of approximately $1,900 for the equipment, annual increases in profit per cow averaged $69 with a 42-day decrease in calving interval and $34 with a 17-day decrease in calving interval. The group sizes giving a break-even point were about 28 and 56 cows, respectively. These group sizes are specific to a year-round calving programme. In contrast, where calving was ideally over a short period benefits from a shorter calving interval would be more dependent on the mean calving interval before investment was considered.

Some Empirical Evidence on Machine Tool Deterioration and its Use in Projecting Machine Tool Requirements

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
H. J. Steudel
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Sales Forecasts ◽  
Machine Productivity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data

This paper presents the results of research efforts to estimate the rate at which machine tools deteriorate. A relationship between machine tool deterioration based on component wearout “failures,” and the resulting decline in the productivity of the machine is defined and used as an aid in planning machine tool overhauls and replacements. Deterioration rates for 35 different types of machine tools are estimated via regression analysis using data obtained from a survey on the collective experiences and policies of U.S. industries on over 15,000 machine tools. The results show that different types of machine tools deteriorate at significantly different rates. This information is then embodied in a computerized planning model which incorporates product line sales forecasts, current machine utilization patterns, and machine productivity related to deterioration factors. The planning model can assist manufacturing managers by identifying machine tools which are good candidates for further detailed cost-benefit analysis concerning replacement or overhaul.

An inventory of extreme events and their impacts: implications for changing risks and climate adaption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Clarke ◽  
Friederike Otto ◽  
Richard Jones
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Uk

&lt;p&gt;Extreme weather of increasing intensity and frequency is the sharp edge of climate change. Greater understanding of exactly how the risks to people and property from such events are changing is therefore of considerable value to society; it enables the effective allocation of resources for adaption planning and provides a foundation for cost-benefit analysis of mitigation policy. Moreover, the first global stocktake following the Paris Agreement aims to comprehensively detail climate change-related loss and countries&amp;#8217; adaption ambition. Thus there is a clear imperative for greater understanding of the drivers of extreme weather risks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To this end, the emerging field of Extreme Event Attribution (EEA) is becoming increasingly able to attribute the specific meteorological conditions (or even the impacts) of an event to human-induced climate change. This provides a tangible, evidence-based bridge between the global phenomenon of climate change and the scales at which people live and decisions are made. However, EEA studies are currently undertaken on an ad-hoc basis, in part due to discrepancies in data availability in different regions but also the lack of comprehensive, coordinated efforts. To provide greater utility to vital policy questions, insights from EEA need to be integrated into a wider system for documenting past events and understanding drivers of change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In accordance with this, we propose a standardised framework for recording historical extreme weather events in an inventory structure. In our method, existing hazard-loss databases such as EMDAT provide a basis for event selection and give some basic impact details. Then, additional impact information, as well as detail about the process chain leading from antecedent conditions to impacts (the &amp;#8216;event narrative&amp;#8217;), is researched from a range of academic, government and NGO sources. Finally, existing attribution literature provides the link, or lack thereof, to human climate change. The comprehensive nature of such an inventory will align with the remit of the global stocktaking process, and offers a new and valuable perspective for understanding and adapting to changing risks at both national and sub-national scales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To demonstrate the framework, we will here present inventories of past extreme weather events for the UK and the Caribbean in the period 2000-2019. Specifically, we will explore the logic and methodology behind the inventory framework, and use these examples to consider potential applications as well as foreseen drawbacks to the concept.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Congested Urban Areas with High Interactions Between Vehicular and Pedestrian Flows: A Cost-Benefit Analysis for a Sustainable Transport Policy in Naples, Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Cartenì ◽  
Maria Luisa De Guglielmo ◽  
Nicola Pascale
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Benefit Analysis

Introduction/Methods:A significant application of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Naples, in southern Italy, will be described with specific reference to design a sustainable transport scenario for one of the highest density and congested area of the city: Municipio square, in the centre of Naples, where the homonymous station of the Metro Line 1 was under construction. The particularity of this case study is that Municipio Square is a high dense population area characterized by multimodal traffic flows (vehicles and pedestrians) and a thousand of travellers who embark/disembark every day from the marina to the islands of the Naples Gulf (e.g.Capri, Ischia) and cruises around the Mediterranean Sea. Thousands of vehicles and people pass through the square every day, often slowing the vehicular flows.Starting from these considerations, a multi-scale modelling architecture (estimatedad-hocfor the specific case study) was proposed to better evaluate policy impacts (e.g., transport, social, environmental), applying both macroscopic and microscopic simulation models simultaneously to design a sustainable transport scenario in term of both geometrical and traffic solutions.Results:Six different design scenario were compared and the main results of the most significant one are described and discussed. The best project solution reduces the average travel time and the long queues thanks to a better distribution of the flows (both vehicles and pedestrians) in the broader area around of Municipio square. The simulation results also underlined the benefits for pedestrians related to the presence of different size of sidewalks and paths.Conclusion:Because of the realization of the new metro station will increase the pedestrian flows, the external layout of the square was designed, regarding infrastructures and paths, to minimize the conflicts and reduce the overall travel time. The proposed sustainable transport scenario was conceived in term of best geometrical devices and traffic solutions.Finally, a cost-benefit analysis was also proposed, according to the European guidelines, aiming in improving transport, urbanistic, artistic/cultural, aesthetic, economic and environmental aspects as well as liveability for citizens, transport users (public and private) and tourists.

scholarly journals Self-adaptive multi-objective climate policies align mitigation and adaptation strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Carlino ◽  
Massimo Tavoni ◽  
Andrea Castelletti
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Climatic System ◽  
Self Adaptive

Abstract With intensifying climate change impacts, there is a risk that economic resources needed to adapt to the rising damages are diverted away from emission reduction, jeopardizing the chances of stabilizing temperature within safe levels. Indeed, the traditional static single-objective formulation leads to a conflict between mitigation and adaptation, invalidating the recently established consistency of cost-benefit analysis with Paris agreement targets. Here, we show that this tension can be resolved by integrating multi-objective optimization and feedback control in the DICE model to design self-adaptive climate policies trading off welfare maximization with Paris Agreement achievement. These policies allow adjusting against uncertainty as information on the socio-climatic system accumulates thus more realistically representing the policy-making process. Years above 2°C are drastically reduced, and costs of meeting the Paris agreement lowered by 2 trillion USD emphasizing the need for integrating adaptation and mitigation strategies and the value of embracing a self-adaptive and multi-objective perspective.

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