Self-incompatibility alleles in Esatern European and Asian almond (Prunus dulcis) genotypes: a preliminary study

Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.] as one of the oldest domesticated plants is thought to have originated in central Asia. Gametophytic self-incompatibility of almond is controlled by the highly polymorphic S-locus. The S-locus encodes for an S-ribonuclease (S-RNase) protein in the pistils, which degrades RNA in self-pollen tubes and hence stops their growing. This study was carried out to detect S-RNase allelic variants in Hungarian and Eastern European almond cultivars and Turkish wild growing seedlings, and characterize their S-allele pool. Five new alleles were identifi ed, S31H, S36-S39 in Eastern European local cultivars. The village Bademli and Akdamar island are two distinct places of almond natural occurrence in Turkey. Trees growing wild around Bademli city showed greater genetic diversity than those originated on Akdamar island. Many of the previously described 45 S-RNase alleles have been also detected in these regions. Homology searches revealed that Turkish almonds carried some P. webbii alleles indicating hybridization between the two cultivars and massive introgression events. Our results supply long-awaited information on almond S-allele diversity from regions between the main cultivation centres and the centre of origin of this species; and are discussed from the aspect of methodological developments and evolution of the cultivated almond.

Download Full-text

Nonself-recognition-based self-incompatibility can alternatively promote or prevent introgression

10.1101/2020.09.29.318790 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Harkness ◽

Yaniv Brandvain

Keyword(s):

Pollen Limitation ◽

List Type ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Core Eudicots ◽

S Alleles ◽

Self Fertilization ◽

Nonself Recognition ◽

Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽

Incompatibility Alleles ◽

S Allele

1SummaryTraditionally, we expect that self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles), which prevent self-fertilization, should benefit from negative-frequency dependent selection and rise to high frequency when introduced to a new population through gene flow. However, the most taxonomically widespread form of self-incompatibility, the ribonuclease-based system ancestral to the core eudicots, functions through nonself-recognition, which drastically alters the process of S-allele diversification.We analyze a model of S-allele evolution in two populations connected by migration, focusing on comparisons among the fates of S-alleles originally unique to each population and those shared among populations.We find that both shared and unique S-alleles originating from the population with more unique S-alleles were usually fitter than S-alleles from the population with fewer. Resident S-alleles were often driven extinct and replaced by migrant S-alleles, though this outcome could be averted by pollen limitation or biased migration.Nonself-recognition-based self-incompatibility will usually either disfavor introgression of S-alleles or result in the whole-sale replacement of S-alleles from one population with those from another.

Download Full-text

Wild and Rare Self-Incompatibility Allele S17 Found in 24 Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter ◽

10.1007/s11105-021-01327-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Agnes Kivistik ◽

Liina Jakobson ◽

Kersti Kahu ◽

Kristiina Laanemets

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Eastern European ◽

S Locus ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

S Alleles ◽

Allele Specific ◽

S Allele ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Consensus Primers

AbstractThe pollination of self-incompatible diploid sweet cherry is determined by the S-locus alleles. We resolved the S-alleles of 50 sweet cherry cultivars grown in Estonia and determined their incompatibility groups, which were previously unknown for most of the tested cultivars. We used consensus primers SI-19/20, SI-31/32, PaConsI, and PaConsII followed by allele-specific primers and sequencing to identify sweet cherry S-genotypes. Surprisingly, 48% (24/50) of the tested cultivars, including 17 Estonian cultivars, carry the rare S-allele S17, which had initially been described in wild sweet cherries in Belgium and Germany. The S17-allele in Estonian cultivars could originate from ‘Leningradskaya tchernaya’ (S6|S17), which has been extensively used in Estonian sweet cherry breeding. Four studied cultivars carrying S17 are partly self-compatible, whereas the other 20 cultivars with S17 have not been reported to be self-compatible. The recommended pollinator of seven self-incompatible sweet cherries is of the same S-genotype, including four with S17-allele, suggesting heritable reduced effectiveness of self-infertility. We classified the newly genotyped sweet cherry cultivars into 15 known incompatibility groups, and we proposed four new incompatibility groups, 64–67, for S-locus genotypes S3|S17, S4|S17, S5|S17, and S6|S17, respectively, which makes them excellent pollinators all across Europe. Alternatively, the frequency of S17 might be underestimated in Eastern European populations and some currently unidentified sweet cherry S-alleles might potentially be S17.

Download Full-text

Detecting and determining self-incompatibility alleles in almond genotypes using molecular method.

10.31220/osf.io/e27af ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sorush Niknamian

Keyword(s):

The Self ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Base Pairs ◽

Inhibitory System ◽

S Alleles ◽

Study Population ◽

Incompatibility Alleles ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

New Alleles

Abstract One of the problems in almond production is self-incompatibility in this plant, which is considered as an important improvement point for this tree. Self-incompatibility causes non-uniformity and garden management problems. Most cultivars of almonds have gametophytic self-incompatibility that is controlled by a multi-allelic gene site. The inoculation inhibitor factor in this inhibitory system is the stop of pollen tube growth in the style. This study aims to detect and determine the self-compatible genotype from among the studied samples and determine the self-incompatibility alleles in the studied masses. For the experiment, the leaf samples were collected from 100 almond genotypes that had good products in recent years. The DNA of young leaf samples in these genotypes was extracted using Gept and Celeg (1989) method with a few changes. Today, various methods have been invented for detecting the genotypes and self-compatible cultivars from selfincompatible cultivars as well as S alleles in almonds, including the PCR method. Therefore, in order to detect S alleles in different almond and some hybrid genotypes, the exclusive primer pairs, including AS1II-AmyC5R, ConF-ConR and Cebador2-Cebador8, were used in the polymerase chain reaction. All of the primers have been used by other researchers to detect almond alleles and the effectiveness of these pairs of primers was confirmed in this experiment. Using the AS1IIAmyC5R and Cebador2-Cebador8 primers, the Sf allele with the size of 1200 base pairs was detected. Using the ConF-ConR pair of primer, the S1, S2, S3, S10, S11, S23, and S31 alleles were detected in the self-incompatible samples. Using AS1II-AmyC5R pair of primer, the known alleles of S3, Sf, S2, S1, S5, S10, S11, S23, and S13 were detected. The other bands obtained from the PCR were related to the known self-incompatibility alleles that might be considered as new alleles. In the study population in this research, S1, S2, S3, and S11 alleles had higher frequency.

Download Full-text

Identification of Self-Incompatibility Alleles by Specific PCR Analysis and S-RNase Sequencing in Apricot

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19113612 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 3612 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sara Herrera ◽

Javier Rodrigo ◽

José Hormaza ◽

Jorge Lora

Keyword(s):

Fruit Production ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Incompatibility Alleles ◽

S Allele ◽

First Time ◽

Efficient Mechanisms

Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most efficient mechanisms to promote out-crossing in plants. However, SI could be a problem for fruit production. An example is apricot (Prunus armeniaca), in which, as in other species of the Rosaceae, SI is determined by an S-RNase-based-Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI) system. Incompatibility relationships between cultivars can be established by an S-allele genotyping PCR strategy. Until recently, most of the traditional European apricot cultivars were self-compatible but several breeding programs have introduced an increasing number of new cultivars whose pollination requirements are unknown. To fill this gap, we have identified the S-allele of 44 apricot genotypes, of which 43 are reported here for the first time. The identification of Sc in 15 genotypes suggests that those cultivars are self-compatible. In five genotypes, self-(in)compatibility was established by the observation of pollen tube growth in self-pollinated flowers, since PCR analysis could not allowed distinguishing between the Sc and S8 alleles. Self-incompatible genotypes were assigned to their corresponding self-incompatibility groups. The knowledge of incompatibility relationships between apricot cultivars can be a highly valuable tool for the development of future breeding programs by selecting the appropriate parents and for efficient orchard design by planting self-compatible and inter-compatible cultivars.

Download Full-text

A Molecular Description of Mutations Affecting the Pollen Component of the Nicotiana alata S locus

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/152.3.1123 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 152 (3) ◽

pp. 1123-1135 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J F Golz ◽

V Su ◽

A E Clarke ◽

E Newbigin

Keyword(s):

Extra Chromosome ◽

Nicotiana Alata ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

S Locus ◽

Cytological Examination ◽

Mutagenesis Screen ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Additional Chromosome ◽

S Allele ◽

Molecular Description

Abstract Mutations affecting the self-incompatibility response of Nicotiana alata were generated by irradiation. Mutants in the M1 generation were selected on the basis of pollen tube growth through an otherwise incompatible pistil. Twelve of the 18 M1 plants obtained from the mutagenesis screen were self-compatible. Eleven self-compatible plants had mutations affecting only the pollen function of the S locus (pollen-part mutants). The remaining self-compatible plant had a mutation affecting only the style function of the S locus (style-part mutant). Cytological examination of the pollen-part mutant plants revealed that 8 had an extra chromosome (2n + 1) and 3 did not. The pollen-part mutation in 7 M1 plants was followed in a series of crosses. DNA blot analysis using probes for S-RNase genes (encoding the style function of the S locus) indicated that the pollen-part mutation was associated with an extra S allele in 4 M1 plants. In 3 of these plants, the extra S allele was located on the additional chromosome. There was no evidence of an extra S allele in the 3 remaining M1 plants. The breakdown of self-incompatibility in plants with an extra S allele is discussed with reference to current models of the molecular basis of self-incompatibility.

Download Full-text

Latent S alleles are widespread in cultivated self-compatible Brassica napus

Genome ◽

10.1139/g03-120 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 257-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

U U Ekuere ◽

I A.P Parkin ◽

C Bowman ◽

D Marshall ◽

D J Lydiate

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

S Locus ◽

Winter Oilseed Rape ◽

A Genome ◽

C Genome ◽

S Alleles ◽

Crop Types ◽

S Allele

The genetic control of self-incompatibility in Brassica napus was investigated using crosses between resynthesized lines of B. napus and cultivars of oilseed rape. These crosses introduced eight C-genome S alleles from Brassica oleracea (S16, S22, S23, S25, S29, S35, S60, and S63) and one A-genome S allele from Brassica rapa (SRM29) into winter oilseed rape. The inheritance of S alleles was monitored using genetic markers and S phenotypes were determined in the F1, F2, first backcross (B1), and testcross (T1) generations. Two different F1 hybrids were used to develop populations of doubled haploid lines that were subjected to genetic mapping and scored for S phenotype. These investigations identified a latent S allele in at least two oilseed rape cultivars and indicated that the S phenotype of these latent alleles was masked by a suppressor system common to oilseed rape. These latent S alleles may be widespread in oilseed rape varieties and are possibly associated with the highly conserved C-genome S locus of these crop types. Segregation for S phenotype in subpopulations uniform for S genotype suggests the existence of suppressor loci that influenced the expression of the S phenotype. These suppressor loci were not linked to the S loci and possessed suppressing alleles in oilseed rape and non-suppressing alleles in the diploid parents of resynthesized B. napus lines.Key words: self-incompatibility, B. oleracea, B. rapa, S locus, suppression.

Download Full-text

Identifying Pollen Incompatibility Groups in California Almond Cultivars

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.1.106 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (1) ◽

pp. 106-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

D.E. Kester ◽

T.M. Gradziel ◽

W.C. Micke

Keyword(s):

Prunus Dulcis ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Prunus Amygdalus ◽

Tree Crop ◽

Genetic Base ◽

Commercially Important ◽

S Allele ◽

Common Crossing

Six cross-incompatibility groups, which contain most of commercially important California almond cultivars [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. Prunus amygdalus Batch], and their self-incompatibility (S) allele genotypes are identified. Incompatibility groups include `Mission' (SaSb), `Nonpareil' (ScSd), and the four groups resulting from the `Mission' × `Nonpareil' cross: (SaSc), (SaSd), (SbSc), and (SbSd), as represented by `Thompson', `Carmel', `Merced' and `Monterey', respectively. All seedlings from the `Mission' × `Nonpareil' cross were compatible with both parents, a result indicating that these two cultivars have no alleles in common. Crossing studies support a full-sib relationship for these progeny groups and the origin of both parents from common germplasm. Cultivars in these six groups account for ≈ 93% of present California production, a result demonstrating a limited genetic base for this vegetatively propagated tree crop.

Download Full-text

PERICLINAL CHIMERAS COMPOSED OF LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM AND L. ESCULENTUM DEMONSTRATE THAT S-LOCUS ASSOCIATED PROTEINS AND SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY CAN BE UNCOUPLED

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.2.193b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 193b-193

Author(s):

Bindu Chawla ◽

Robert Bernatzki ◽

Michael Marcotrigiano

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Lycopersicon Peruvianum ◽

S Locus ◽

Rna Analysis ◽

Sds Page ◽

Associated Proteins ◽

Periclinal Chimeras ◽

S Allele ◽

L1 And L2

Lycopersicon peruvianum is a wild species of tomato that exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (S), wherein the SI response is controlled by the genotype of the pollen. Cultivated tomato (L. esculentum) is a self-compatible species. Assisted by phenotypic markers, periclinal graft chimeras between these two species have been obtained. Fruit set analysis following breeding demonstrated that the available five chimeras (PPE, PEE, PEP, EPP, and EEP) are able to accept pollen from L. peruvianum, suggesting that there is a failure of the SI response. SI response is known to be dependent on S-locus associated proteins. These proteins are present in the style, which is mainly derived from the L1 and L2 layers of meristem. RNA analysis of the style tissue using a cloned S-locus cDNA as a probe showed that, except for EEP, all chimeras expressed the S-allele. This was also confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis of stylar proteins that were present in variable amounts depending on the periclinal combination. Thus, the breakdown of SI is not associated with the lack of expression of the S-locus. Further work is being conducted to understand the nature of this breakdown.

Download Full-text

Molecular S-genotyping of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genetic resources

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/245/2017-hortsci ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 146-152

Author(s):

Josef Patzak ◽

Alena Henychová ◽

František Paprštein ◽

Jiří Sedlák

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

S Locus ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Allele Specific ◽

S Allele ◽

Specific Pcr Primer

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible, which is determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system (GSI). The self-incompatibility is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus. Knowledge about the S-allele constitution of the cultivars is essential for fruit growers and breeders. Recently, molecular PCR-based methods have been developed to distinguish all S-alleles in sweet cherries. In our work, we analysed S-locus genotypes by 13 universal and allele-specific PCR primer combinations within 117 registered, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from the Czech genetic resources of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy, the Czech Republic. We confirmed the previous S-genotyping for 66 accessions except for Drogans Gelbe, Hedelfinger, Erika, Meckenheimer Frühe, Badeborner, Bing, Alfa, Gamma, Huldra, Rivan, Valerij Tschkalov, Viola and Winkler’s Frühe. It could be due to either mislabelling or mistakes in the previous analyses. Newly, S-genotyping was determined for 51 accessions in which we found 4 new S-loci combinations. We detected the S-locus combinations in 19 incompatibility groups. The most frequent incompatibility groups were III (S3S4), II (S1S3), IV (S2S3), and VI (S3S6) with 22, 20, 12 and 12 genotypes, respectively.

Download Full-text

Segregation Distortion of T-DNA Markers Linked to the Self-Incompatibility (S) Locus in Petunia hybrida

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/154.3.1323 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 154 (3) ◽

pp. 1323-1333

Author(s):

Robin M Harbord ◽

Carolyn A Napoli ◽

Timothy P Robbins

Keyword(s):

Segregation Distortion ◽

Petunia Hybrida ◽

Selectable Marker ◽

The Self ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

S Locus ◽

Differential Transmission ◽

S Allele ◽

Maize Transposable Element ◽

General Method

Abstract In plants with a gametophytic self-incompatibility system the specificity of the pollen is determined by the haploid genotype at the self-incompatibility (S) locus. In certain crosses this can lead to the exclusion of half the gametes from the male parent carrying a particular S-allele. This leads to pronounced segregation distortion for any genetic markers that are linked to the S-locus. We have used this approach to identify T-DNA insertions carrying a maize transposable element that are linked to the S-locus of Petunia hybrida. A total of 83 T-DNA insertions were tested for segregation distortion of the selectable marker used during transformation with Agrobacterium. Segregation distortion was observed for 12 T-DNA insertions and at least 8 of these were shown to be in the same linkage group by intercrossing. This indicates that differential transmission of a single locus (S) is probably responsible for all of these examples of T-DNA segregation distortion. The identification of selectable markers in coupling with a functional S-allele will allow the preselection of recombination events around the S-locus in petunia. Our approach provides a general method for identifying transgenes that are linked to gametophytic self-incompatibility loci and provides an opportunity for transposon tagging of the petunia S-locus.

Download Full-text