scholarly journals Some flower characters, variety features and environmental effects affecting bee pollination of pear (Pyrus communis L.): a review of the results of latest research

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Flower Constancy ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pyrus Communis L

Intensive research has been implemented on different aspects of the bee pollination of pear in Hungary in the past decade, extending to the following topics: the effect of the opening sequence of the flowers within the inflorescence of pear cultivars on the effectiveness of bee pollination; the nectar production of flowers of pear cultivars; intensity of honeybee visitation and their foraging behaviour at the flowers of pear cultivars; flower constancy of honeybees to pear plantations; competition by weeds in bloom for bee pollination in flowering pear orchards; and some aspects to the bee pollination strategies of pear plantations (the effect of the limitation of bee pollination period on the set and the yield, possible compensation of frost damage of flowers by bee pollination in pear orchards, the optimal size of single cultivar block in pear plantations). The results of these studies are reviewed in this paper and some important aspects that need further studies are outlined.  

scholarly journals Changes in Some Quality Criteria During Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage of Peaches

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eris ◽  
B. Akbudak
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Flower Constancy ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
The Past

Intensive research has been implemented on different aspects of the bee pollination of pear in Hungary in the past decade, extending to the following topics: the effect of the opening sequence of the flowers within the inflorescence of pear cultivars on the effectiveness of bee pollination; the nectar production of flowers of pear cultivars; intensity of honeybee visitation and their foraging behaviour at the flowers of pear cultivars; flower constancy of honeybees to pear plantations; competition by weeds in bloom for bee pollination in flowering pear orchards; and some aspects to the bee pollination strategies of pear plantations (the effect of the limitation of bee pollination period on the set and the yield, possible compensation of frost damage of flowers by bee pollination in pear orchards, the optimal size of single cultivar block in pear plantations). The results of these studies are reviewed in this paper and some important aspects that need further studies are outlined.  

scholarly journals Studies on the insect pollination of fruit tree species and on closely related topics in Hungary: a bibliography of research publications

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Publications ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
New Research

In the past decades fruit production has become more and more intensive and so the interest towards the bee pollination of fruit trees has increased in Hungary. Thus insect pollination research has become more intensive in the eighties and in the nineties. Recently, high density fruit orchards are planted of dwarf trees at more and more farms in Hungary and these need highly controlled growing practices involving insect pollination, too. This is a new challenge of insect pollination research in Hungary. So it seems to be worth to compile a list on research publications having been appeared so far to create a basis to the ongoing new research. Besides papers strictly on the insect pollination of fruit trees publications on some closely related topics, first of all on the nectar production and on other flower characteristics of fruit tree cultivars that directly influence bee activity have also been included on the list.  

scholarly journals Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) visitation at the flowers of quince cultivars (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
High Set ◽  
The Relationship

Studies were made on the bee visitation of 6 quince cultivars and on the foraging behaviour of honeybees at quince flowers for 3 consecutive years. The bee visitation was highly intense because both the plantation and its surrounding was overpopulated by honeybee colonies. Some 5.5 bee visits were counted in average at 50 opening quince flowers in 10 minutes and some 9.7 flowers were visited of the 50 ones observed meanwhile. This equals some 7 bee visits per flower per day per in good weather. Bee visitation, however, was variable and it was greatly different in the three consecutive years with fairly favourable weather. Some cultivars tended to be more and others less visited by honeybees than the others but these differences were not consequent at each occasion. No consequent relationship between the weather and the bee visitation of quince trees could be recognised. It was concluded that .other factors were responsible for the variable nature of the bee activity at quince. Most honeybees tended to collect pollen (51.6% in average for the 3 years) and usually much less gathered for nectar only (19.9%), and the rest of them were mixed behaviour foragers gathering for both (28.5%). There were some slight differences in the foraging behaviour of honeybees at some cultivars but these differences were not always consequent in consecutive years. Also the nectar production of flowers failed to affect the bee visitation and the foraging behaviour of honeybees definitely. For the variable nature of bee visitation and bee behaviour at quince flowers, supplementary pollination is needed to achieve as high set of fruits as high is required to a good crop at quince (at least 20-25% because the flower density is low of this fruit tree species). Since the intensity of bee visitation at the flowers is the only reliable estimate of the necessity of supplementary bee pollination further research is needed to explore the relationship between the number of honeybee visits and the consequent fruit set at quince.  

scholarly journals Nectar production and pollination in peach

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nyéki ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
P. Benedek ◽  
L. Szalay
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Artificial Hand

Observations were made at two growing sites, Siófok and Szatymaz, in the years 1998 and 1999, on 16 peach varieties. The production of nectar was measured, the foraging behaviour of bees, fruit set and the effect of exclusion of bee visits for different periods were observed systematically. Production of nectar confirmed earlier data, 9.09 mg per flower in average. There was large variation due to variety and date of observation. Bee visits were relatively abundant. At favourable weather, 1 to 30 visits/flower/day occurred in the average. Artificial hand pollination increased fruit set, substantially. Open pollination yielded superior fruit set than self pollination, without bees. Supplementary bee pollination can be regarded to be beneficial to peach production as well.  

Status of French Road Map to Improve Environmental Fatigue Rules

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Faidy
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The Status ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Section Viii

During the past 30 years many fatigue tests and fatigue analysis improvements have been developed in France in order to improve Codified Fatigue Rules of RCC-M and ASME Codes [1, 2]. This paper will present the major technical improvements to obtain reasonable evaluation of potential fatigue damage through EDF road map. Recently new results [3] confirm possible un-conservative fatigue material data: - High cycle fatigue in air for stainless steel, - Environmental effects on fatigue S-N curve for all materials - Fatigue Crack Growth law under PWR environment for stainless steel. In front of these new results, EDF has developed a “Fatigue Road Map” to improve the different steps of Codified fatigue rules. A periodic up-dating of proposed rules in the different French Codes: RCC-M, RCC-MRx and RSE-M with research of harmonization with other Code rules developed in USA, Japan and Germany in particular, will be done on a yearly basis. During the past 15 years, many results have been obtained through fatigue tests of stainless steel materials: - mean and design fatigue curve in air, - environmental effects on fatigue curves, - plasticity effects, - bi-axial load effects, - mean stress effects, - stress indices, - transferability from small to large specimen, - weld versus base metal. In parallel, many new developments have been made in non-nuclear pressure equipment industry: like the reference stress of ASME Section VIII or the structural stress of EN 13445. These methods are mainly well adapted to fatigue pressure cycling. In front of that situation, the French nuclear code organization needs to propose reliable rules for new design and for operating plants. Different proposals are under discussion and the status of the EDF proposals are presented in the paper. The consequences could be important for the utilities because a large part of the in-service inspection program is connected to some fatigue usage factor level between 0.5 and 1.

scholarly journals Nectar production of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
G. Kocsisné Molnár ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
The World ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Very High

Detailed studies were made on the nectar production of 44, 16 and 18 pear cultivars, respectively, in a cultivar collection of pear during three consecutive years with highly different weather in the blooming. Results clearly show that pear does not necessarily produce small amount of nectar as stated in the world literature. In fact, pear can produce extremely high amount of nectar sometimes much higher than other temperate zone fruit trees species but its nectar production is highly subjected to weather, first of all to air temperature. Low nectar production seems to be more frequent than high one and cold weather can prevent its nectar production at all. On the other hand, results corroborate to the earlier statements on the low sugar concentration of pear nectar. There is a highly significant negative correlation between the amount of nectar produced by pear flowers and its sugar concentration (r = -0.52, n = 291, p< 0.001 for 1996, r = -0.34, n = 197, p< 0.001 for 1998). Sugar concentration in individual flowers may be up, to 40% in exceptional cases but generally it is well below 20%. Very high figures for sugar concentration in pear nectar at the literature seem to be incomprehensible. In contrast of some earlier statement in the literature no real difference could be established in the nectar production of pear cultivars, based on much more measurements than in earlier studies. Very low sugar concentration in pear nectar can explain the fact that the overwhelming majority of honeybees are pollen gatherers at pear trees even in the case of exceptionally high nectar production.  

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

Non-Lethal Sampling Methods for Assessing Environmental Impacts Using a Small-Bodied Sentinel Fish Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Gray ◽  
Allen R. Curry ◽  
Kelly R. Munkittrick
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Slimy Sculpin ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Fisheries Act

Abstract Under the Canadian Fisheries Act, pulp and paper mills and metal mines must conduct a cyclical monitoring program for potential environmental effects that includes a fish survey. Study designs for the fish survey have been evolving over the past few years, and there has been increased emphasis on the use of small-bodied fish species. Increasing concerns about the potential impacts of sampling programs on the fish populations in smaller receiving waters have led us to develop non-lethal sampling methodologies that will satisfy the information requirements for the environmental effects monitoring program. This manuscript outlines the use of a non-lethal sampling program to collect information on age distributions, growth rates, reproductive performance and fish condition in populations of slimy sculpin inhabiting forested and agricultural sections of a small New Brunswick river.

Fatigue of Stainless Steel Components: Toward Codified Rules Improvements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Faidy
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
The Past

During the past 30 years many fatigue tests and fatigue analysis improvements have been developed in France in order to improve Codified Fatigue Rules of French Nuclear Codes: RCC-M, RSE-M and RCC-MRx. This paper will present comments and proposals for development of these rules associated to Gaps and Needs in order to finalize and justify the AFCEN Codes new rules. Recently 3 new international R&D results confirm possible un-conservative fatigue material data: - High cycle fatigue in air for stainless steel, - Environmental effects on fatigue S-N curve for all materials, and in particular stainless steels, - Fatigue Crack Growth law under PWR environment for stainless steel. In front of these new results, AFCEN is working on a 1st set of rules based on existing knowledge: - Air fatigue curve: mean and design - PWR Environmental effects with detrimental correction factors A periodic up-dating of AFCEN proposed rules will be done using French and International R&D programs with a particular attention on harmonization with other Code rules developed in USA, Japan and Germany, in particular.

scholarly journals Role of insect visits on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
MS Hossain ◽  
F Yeasmin ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
S Akhtar ◽  
MA Hasnat
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Insect Visitors

The foraging activities of insect visitors on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied. The insect visitors in decreasing order of abundance were: Formica sp.>Apis mellifera>Apis cerana>syrphids≥Apis dorstata. The activity of insects was peaked at 08.00-09.00 am. The foraging behaviour of A. mellifera was also studied. The bees spent significantly more time per flower during morning hours (sec/flower) and foraged significantly fewer flowers (7.9 flowers/min) compared to evening hours. There were significantly more nectar foragers (6.03/m²/10 min) than pollen foragers (5.16/m²/10 min). Most pollen foragers were observed during morning hours (6.59/m²/10 min) whereas nectar foragers were most active during noon hours (6.63/m²/10 min). Highest fruit set was observed in hand pollination (70.68%). Percentage of misshapen fruits was maximum in without honey bee pollination (24.35%). Without honey bee pollination resulted in significantly lowest percentage of healthy fruits (75.25%). Hand pollination ranked highest among the three forms of pollination in respective of fruits (985.13 g), number of seeds per fruit (425.22), fruit diameter (27.1 cm), fruit length (26.7 cm) and weight of 1000-seeds (28.64 g). J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2018, 4(2): 81-88

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