scholarly journals Analyses of temporal dynamics of brown rot development on fruit in organic apple production

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb

In a two-year study, yield loss and temporal dynamics of brown rot development caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey were quantified and analysed in two organic apple orchards (Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa). The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in both years and both locations, except for one occasion when the first infected fruit was found at the end of July. Temporal disease development was continuous up to harvest time in both years and locations. In the two years, pre-harvest yield loss on the trees amounted between 8.9% and 9.3% at Debrecen-Pallag and between 9.7% and 10.8% at Debrecen—Jozsa by fruit harvest. Incidence of infected fruits on the orchard floor ranged from 32.4% to 43.2% and from 53.3% to 61.9%, at Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa, respectively, by fruit harvest. Analyses of temporal disease progress showed that the best-fitted mathematical function was the power function in both orchards and years. Both parameters of the power function clearly demonstrated that incidence of brown rot on fruit increased faster on the orchard floor than on the tree. Moreover, the disease increase was faster at Debrecen—Józsa in most cases than at Debrecen—Pallag. Our results indicated that the strategy of disease management, the ripeness of the fruit and the presence of a wounding agent played an important role in the yield loss and in the temporal development of fruit disease incidence caused by M. fructigena in organic apple orchards. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
H. Scherm

Epidemic development of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructigena, was monitored in integrated and organic apple orchards at two locations in eastern Hungary between 2002 and 2005 on three cultivars with early, midseason, and late ripening periods. Disease incidence and severity measures were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by management system (organic versus integrated) and cultivar, but there was no significant management system–cultivar interaction. Epidemics started 2 to 4 weeks earlier in organic orchards and on the early cv. Prima compared with integrated orchards and the late cv. Mutsu. Disease intensity increased markedly in the final 3 to 5 weeks before harvest and was considerably lower in integrated than in organic orchards. Final brown rot incidence on fruit in the tree was correlated with incidence on dropped fruit on the orchard floor (r > 0.75, P < 0.05), whereby the lag period from the appearance of the first symptomatic fruit on the ground to the occurrence of the first symptomatic fruit in the tree ranged from 2 weeks to 2 months, depending on the cultivar. The inflection point of the disease progress curve was attained first by fruit on the ground, followed successively by fruit in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the tree canopy. This may indicate that dropped fruit that became infected early provided a source of inoculum for subsequent epidemics by serving as a bridge between sporulation from overwintered fruit mummies in the spring and the first fruit with sporulating lesions in the tree in midsummer. Removal of dropped fruit from the orchard floor resulted in a significantly lower disease incidence on fruit in the tree on all cultivars; thus, drop-removal may be useful as a brown rot management practice in apple orchards.


2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb

In a two-year-study, disease incidence of Monilinia fructigena were quatified and the importance of certain fruit wounding agents was determined. The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in 2011 and 2012. Disease development was continuous until fruit harvest in both years. Pre-harvest yield loss caused by M. fructigena amounted on average 26.3% in 2011 and 40.4% in 2012 by fruit harvest. All infected fruits were injured mainly by mechanical injury factors and codling moth (Cydia pomonella). In this study, the most important wounding agents were codling moth and mechanical injury factors in organic apple orchards. In both years, our results showed that 65-75% of the infected fruits were damaged by codling moth in organic apple production. Moreover, 5-15% of the infected fruits were mechanically injured in the two years. Our results indicated that most of the damaged fruits fell on the orchard floor before harvest and they became an important secondary inoculum source of M. fructigena. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.


2004 ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Imre Holb

In a two-year-study, yield loss and temporal development of incidence of Monilinia fructigena were quantified in organic apple orchards and the importance of fruit wounding agents was determined. The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in 2001 and 2002. Disease development was continuous until fruit harvest in both years. Pre-harvest yield loss caused by Monilinia fructigena amounted on average 27.2% in 2001 and 41.6% in 2002 by fruit harvest. The growth rate of disease development was almost double in 2002 compared to 2001. All infected fruits were injured by wounding agents such as aboitic and mechanical injury factors, codling moth (Cydia pomonella), common earwig (Forficula auricularia) and birds. In this study, the most important wounding agents were codling moth and mechanical injury factors in organic apple orchards. In both years, our results showed that 70-80% of the infected fruits were damaged by codling moth in organic apple production. Moreover, 10-15% of the infected fruits were mechanically injured in the two years. Our results indicated that most of the damaged fruits fell on the orchard floor before harvest and they became an important secondary inoculum source of M. fructigena. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.


Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Amélie Gervais ◽  
Marc Bélisle ◽  
Marc J. Mazerolle ◽  
Valérie Fournier

Bumble bees are among the most effective pollinators in orchards during the blooming period, yet they are often threatened by the high levels of pesticide use in apple production. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of landscape enhancements (e.g., hedgerows, flower strips) on bumble bee queens in apple orchards. Bumble bee queens from 12 orchards in southern Québec (Canada) were marked, released, and recaptured in the springs and falls of 2017 to 2019. Half of the 12 orchards had landscape enhancements. Apples were harvested in 2018 and 2019 to compare their quality (weight, diameter, sugar level, and seed number) in sites with and without landscape enhancements. Species richness, as well as the occurrence of three species out of eight, was higher in orchards with landscape enhancements than in orchards without such structures. The occurrence of Bombus ternarius was lower in orchards with high levels of pesticide use. Apples had fewer seeds when collected in orchards with landscape enhancements and were heavier in orchards that used more pesticides. Our work provides additional evidence that landscape enhancements improve bumble bee presence in apple orchards and should therefore be considered as a means to enhance pollination within farms.


Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Sisterson ◽  
Jianchi Chen ◽  
Mario A. Viveros ◽  
Edwin L. Civerolo ◽  
Craig Ledbetter ◽  
...  

Almond leaf scorch (ALS) disease has been present in California's almond-growing regions for over 60 years. This disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and the pathogen is vectored by xylem-feeding sharpshooters and spittlebugs. Currently, there are no effective management techniques that prevent trees from becoming infected. Within affected orchards throughout California's Central Valley, disease incidence and the risk of tree-to-tree spread appears to be low. Consequently, the decision to remove or keep infected trees depends on lost productivity. We compared yield and vitality between infected and uninfected almond for cvs. Sonora and Nonpareil. Sonora was examined at three sites over 3 years and Nonpareil was examined at one site over 2 years. Yields of ALS-affected trees were significantly lower for both cultivars, although yield losses of Sonora were proportionally greater than those of Nonpareil. Yields of infected trees did not decline incrementally over years; rather, they fluctuated similarly to those of uninfected trees. In addition, no infected trees died during the course of the study. These results are in direct contrast to previous anecdotal reports which suggest that yields of infected trees incrementally decline and infected trees eventually die. A simple economic model was developed to determine conditions under which rouging infected trees would increase returns. Based on the model, orchard age, yield loss due to infection, and the value of a maximally producing almond tree should be considered when deciding to remove ALS-affected trees.


2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genna M. Gaunce ◽  
William W. Bockus

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Despite the development of cultivars with improved resistance to BYD, little is known about the impact that this resistance has on yield loss from the disease. The intent of this research was to estimate yield loss in winter wheat cultivars in Kansas due to BYD and quantify the reduction in losses associated with resistant cultivars. During seven years, BYD incidence was visually assessed on numerous winter wheat cultivars in replicated field nurseries. When grain yields were regressed against BYD incidence scores, negative linear relationships significantly fit the data for each year and for the combined dataset covering all seven years. The models showed that, depending upon the year, 19–48% (average 33%) of the relative yields was explained by BYD incidence. For the combined dataset, 29% of the relative yield was explained by BYD incidence. The models indicated that cultivars showing the highest disease incidence that year had 25–86% (average 49%) lower yield than a hypothetical cultivar that showed zero incidence. Using the models, the moderate level of resistance in the cultivar Everest was calculated to reduce yield loss from BYD by about 73%. Therefore, utilizing visual BYD symptom evaluations in Kansas coupled with grain yields is useful to estimate yield loss from the disease. Accepted for publication 1 December 2014. Published 9 January 2015.


2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Madden ◽  
G. Hughes ◽  
M. E. Irwin

A general approach was developed to predict the yield loss of crops in relation to infection by systemic diseases. The approach was based on two premises: (i) disease incidence in a population of plants over time can be described by a nonlinear disease progress model, such as the logistic or monomolecular; and (ii) yield of a plant is a function of time of infection (t) that can be represented by the (negative) exponential or similar model (ζ(t)). Yield loss of a population of plants on a proportional scale (L) can be written as the product of the proportion of the plant population newly infected during a very short time interval (X′(t)dt) and ζ(t), integrated over the time duration of the epidemic. L in the model can be expressed in relation to directly interpretable parameters: maximum per-plant yield loss (α, typically occurring at t = 0); the decline in per-plant loss as time of infection is delayed (γ; units of time-1); and the parameters that characterize disease progress over time, namely, initial disease incidence (X0), rate of disease increase (r; units of time-1), and maximum (or asymptotic) value of disease incidence (K). Based on the model formulation, L ranges from αX0 to αK and increases with increasing X0, r, K, α, and γ-1. The exact effects of these parameters on L were determined with numerical solutions of the model. The model was expanded to predict L when there was spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence among sites within a field and when maximum per-plant yield loss occurred at a time other than the beginning of the epidemic (t > 0). However, the latter two situations had a major impact on L only at high values of r. The modeling approach was demonstrated by analyzing data on soybean yield loss in relation to infection by Soybean mosaic virus, a member of the genus Potyvirus. Based on model solutions, strategies to reduce or minimize yield losses from a given disease can be evaluated.


2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taufik ◽  
Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat ◽  
Sriani Sujiprihati ◽  
Gede Suastika ◽  
Sientje Mandang Sumaraw

Resistance Evaluation of Chillipepper Cultivars for Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus.  The use of resistance culivars is an important strategy for management of virus infection in chillipepper. A research was undergone to study the effect of single and mix infection of CMV and ChiVMV on the disease incidence and on the growth and yield of nine chillipepper cultivars, i.e. Cilibangi 4, Cilibangi 5, Cilibangi 6, Helem, Jatilaba, Tit Bulat, Tit Segitiga, Tit Super and Tampar. Mechanical inoculation was conducted to transmit the virus. Infection of the virus was then confirmed with DAS-ELISA.  In general, inoculated chillipepper cultivars developed similar symptoms, i.e. mosaic type for CMV and mottle type for ChiVMV.  More severe symptom was not always observed from mix infection of CMV and ChiVMV. Disease incidence occurred in the range of 16.67 – 86.0% and this caused 18.3 – 98.6% yield loss.  Based on symptom expression, ELISA result, and reduction on yield, it can be concluded that all chillipepper cultivars used in this study could not hold up the virus infection. However, several cultivars showed tolerance response :  Jatilaba, Tit Super, and Tampar for CMV; Cilibangi 4 for ChiVMV; Tit Super for mix infection; and Cilibangi 5 for CMV, ChiVMV, and mix infection.  Further evaluation and investigation involving different chillipepper cultivars should be conducted.


2020 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 14842-14852
Author(s):  
POHE Jean ◽  
MIAN Jacques Dutron ◽  
OKOU Staelle Florence Famisso

RESUME Objectif : Cette étude a été menée pour évaluer le niveau de la pourriture brune, de suivre son évolution dans les plantations, au niveau des différentes parties du cacaoyer et de préciser l’emplacement des lésions sur les différentes cabosses infectées dans les cacaoyères dans le Département d’Aboisso Sud-est de la Côte d’Ivoire. Méthodologie et résultats : Cinq plantations ont été choisies avec dans chacune vingt plants mis en observation et sur lesquels trois parties ont été délimitées : le bas, le milieu et les branches. Sur chaque cabosse infectée la lésion est soit, proximale, latérale ou distale. Le dispositif est donc en blocs de Fischer avec un arrangement factoriel, 2 facteurs (localisation des cabosses dans l’arbre et la position des lésions sur les cabosse) avec chacun 3 niveaux soit, 9 traitements avec 5 répétions. L’analyse des taux des affections à Phytophthora donne une différence hautement significative d’une part entre les localisations des cabosses dans l’arbre et d’autre part, entre les positions des lésions sur les cabosses. Aussi, la position des lésions sur les cabosses diffère-t-elle selon la localisation de celles-ci dans l’arbre (p-value < 1%). Conclusion : La pourriture brune sévit de façon endémique dans le département d’Aboisso. Les cabosses sur le tronc, notamment celles qui sont vers le bas, s’avèrent les plus vulnérables. Les lésions distales sont préférentiellement situées sur les cabosses vers le bas du tronc, alors que les proximales sont en grand nombre sur le milieu du tronc et les branches. Les Phytophthora étant des organismes telluriques, l’importance de leurs attaques sur les cabosses et sur les parties de celles-ci proches du sol, source d’inoculum primaire s’avérerait inévitable. Application actuelle et potentielle des résultats : A partir de ces résultats, il convient de recommander d’éviter l’abandon de la protection avec des fongicides appropriés de la cacaoyère de cette localité comme ont tendance à le faire certains planteurs. Aussi, les applications de fongicides, surtout ceux de contact, par atomisation ne doivent-ils pas être dirigées seulement dans les branches mais également sur le tronc et surtout vers le bas des pieds des arbres. Mots clés : pourriture brune, dynamique, cacaoyer, Aboisso, Côte d’Ivoire ABSTRACT Spatio-temporal dynamics of the brown rot of cocoa pots due to phytophthora sp. in the department of Aboisso (Cote d'Ivoire) Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the level of brown rot, monitor its evolution in plantations, at the level of different parts of the cocoa tree and to specify the location of the lesions on the different pods infected in the cocoa farms in the Department. of Aboisso South-east of Ivory Coast. Methodology and results: Five plantations were selected, each of which had twenty plants under observation and on which three parts were delineated: the bottom, the middle and the branches. On each infected pod the lesion is proximal, lateral or distal. The device is therefore in Fischer blocks with a factorial arrangement, 2 factors (location of the pods in the tree and the position of the lesions on the pod) with each 3 levels, i.e. 9 treatments with 5 repetitions. The analysis of the Phytophthora disease rates gives a highly significant difference between the location of the pods in the tree and between the positions of the lesions on the pods. Also, the position of the lesions on the pods differs according to the location of these in the tree (p-value <1%). Conclusion: Brown rot is endemic in the Aboisso department. Pods on the trunk, especially those that are down, are the most vulnerable. The distal lesions are preferentially located on the pods down the trunk, while the proximal ones are in large numbers on the middle of the trunk and branches. Phytophthora being telluric organisms, the importance of their attacks on pods and parts of them that are close to the soil, a source of primary inoculum, would be inevitable. Current and Potential Application of Results: From these results, it is advisable to avoid abandoning the protection with appropriate fungicides of the cocoa farm in this locality, as some planters tend to do. Also, the applications of fungicides, especially those of contact, by atomization should not be directed only in the branches but also on the trunk and especially down the feet of the trees. Keywords: brown rot, dynamics, cocoa, Aboisso, Ivory Coast


2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-872
Author(s):  
Miriam Ben-Hamo ◽  
David Ezra ◽  
Helena Krasnov ◽  
Lior Blank

Mal Secco is a severe disease of citrus in which the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus (formerly Phoma tracheiphila) penetrates the vascular system of the host. In this study, we characterized the spatial dynamics of the disease in seven lemon orchards. A representative block of trees from each orchard was evaluated monthly during 3 consecutive years. In addition, scouts assessed disease severity in 75 orchards from three different geographical regions and tested for association between disease severity and measures of orchard management, environmental factors, cultural practices, and cultivar type. We assessed disease incidence and characteristics of spatial patterns using Ripley’s K function and fitted logistic regression models for different neighboring tree structures followed by model selection methods to provide insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease progress. We found different rates of disease spread in different orchards, which are most likely the result of differences in orchard management practices or less likely the result of differences in climatic conditions. There was an indication that agricultural tools contribute to spread of the disease within rows of trees. The results confirm that the lemon cultivar Interdonato is less susceptible compared with other citrus cultivars, and they suggest that the density of urban terrain surrounding each orchard is positively correlated with the severity of the disease. In contrast to our expectations, no correlation was found between the density of lemon orchards surrounding an orchard and the severity of the disease within it, which corroborates previous findings regarding the limited distribution of the disease.


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