scholarly journals Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
C. W. Swann ◽  
A. S. Culpepper ◽  
A. C. York
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Concentrate Urea

Abstract Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

Peanut Response to Prohexadione Calcium as Affected by Cultivar and Digging Date

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Culpepper ◽  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
R. B. Batts ◽  
A. C. York
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract An experiment at two locations in 1995 and two locations in 1996 evaluated virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to the growth regulator prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as affected by cultivars and digging dates. Prohexadione calcium at 140 g ai/ha was applied at row closure and again 3 wk later in 1995 or 140 g/ha at row closure and 70 g/ha 3 and 6 wk later in 1996. The cultivars AgraTech (AT) VC-1, NC 9, NC 10C, NC 12C, NC-V11, and VA-C92R were dug on three separate dates approximately 11d apart. Response to prohexadione calcium was independent of digging dates. Prohexadione calcium altered canopy architecture and increased row visibility at harvest for all cultivars although the response was greatest with NC-V 11 and least with NC 9. Prohexadione calcium hastened pod maturity, increased percentages of extra large kernels, total sound mature kernels, and fancy pods, and increased peanut value/kg irrespective of cultivars and digging dates. Yield response to prohexadione calcium was cultivar dependent. NC 9 was most responsive, with yield increased 7 to 16% at all locations. Yields of ATVC-1, NC 10C, NC 12C, and NC-V 11 were increased 9 to 15% at two locations and unaffected at two locations. VA-C 92R was the least responsive, with yield increased 5% at two locations and decreased 8% at two locations.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Cyclanilide and Prohexadione Calcium

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
J. B. Beam ◽  
J. E. Lanier ◽  
S. H. Lancaster ◽  
P. D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Excessive growth of Virginia market-type peanut affects row visibility and pod yield of peanut. Ten experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North Carolina to compare peanut response to cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium applied at 50% row closure followed by a repeat application 2 wk later. Cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium increased row visibility in all experiments. Main stem height was shorter at the end of the season when cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium were applied compared with non-treated peanut in all experiments except one. Prohexadione calcium improved row visibility compared with cyclanilide in three experiments and equaled cyclanilide in seven experiments. Main stem height was similar following application of cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium in eight of the 10 experiments. When pooled over experiments, pod yield ranged from 4210 to 4480 kg/ha and did not differ between non-treated peanut and peanut treated with either plant growth regulator. However, prohexadione calcium did increase pod yield of peanut compared with cyclanilide. Results indicate that cyclanilide is not as effective as prohexadione calcium in managing peanut vine growth because of inconsistent enhancement of row visibility and possible negative impacts on pod yield.

scholarly journals Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to the Ethylene Binding Inhibitor 1-Methylcyclopropene

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Z. G. Taylor ◽  
L. R. Fisher ◽  
D. L. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Ethylene Binding ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Senescence and abscission of mature peanut pods is controlled by the ethylene cascade. Reducing senescence and abscission could involve inhibiting the ethylene cascade and allow greater harvest flexibility in peanut. Application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), the ethylene binding inhibitor, may reduce senescence and abscission of mature peanut pods. Research was conducted from 2005 through 2008 in North Carolina to determine the effects of 1-MCP on pod yield and percentages of sound mature kernels (%SMK), sound splits (%SS), total sound mature kernels (%TSMK), other kernels (%OK), extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and pod retention. Treatments of 1-MCP were applied at 26 g ai/ha plus a crop oil concentrate at 7, 10, or 14 d prior to digging peanut at the projected optimum digging date. Peanut was dug at the projected optimum digging date or at 7 or 20 d after projected optimum digging date. The cultivars NC-V 11 (2005 and 2007), Phillips (2006 and 2007), and Perry (2008) were evaluated in separate experiments. Pod yield, %SMK, %TSMK, %SS, %OK, %ELK, and %FP were not affected by 1-MCP regardless of application timing when NC-V 11 and Phillips were evaluated. Only %SMK and %TSMK were affected by 1-MCP when applied to the cultivar Perry. Digging date affected pod yield and market grade characteristics. When digging of Phillips and Perry was delayed by 7 or 20 d past the optimum digging date, %SMK and %TSMK increased. Pod retention, determined by comparing the number and mass of pods/plant following digging, was affected by digging date and location but not 1-MCP treatment. These data suggest that 1-MCP will have little activity on peanut pod yield, market grade characteristics, or pod retention.

Interaction of Prohexadione Calcium with Agrichemicals Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Beam ◽  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
A. C. York ◽  
J. E. Bailey ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Short Stems ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract A variety of pesticides and foliar fertilizers are applied to emerged peanut. Defining interactions among these agrichemicals is important when formulating pest management and production strategies. Research was conducted in North Carolina during 1999 and 2000 to evaluate interactions among prohexadione calcium at 140 g ai/ha applied with various commercially available fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and foliar fertilizers. Agrichemical mixtures were applied when peanut vines reached 50% row closure. Prohexadione calcium alone was applied approximately 2 wk later. Twenty-eight percent urea ammonium nitrate was included with prohexadione calcium. In a second set of experiments, control of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) by imazapic plus 2,4-DB, acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2, 4-DB, bentazon plus 2, 4-DB, acifluorfen plus 2,4-DB, pyridate plus 2,4-DB, and 2,4-DB applied alone or with prohexadione calcium were evaluated. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control by sethoxydim and clethodim alone or with prohexadione calcium was evaluated also. Fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizers did not affect efficacy of prohexadione calcium with respect to visible injury to peanut, row visibility, or maintenance of short stems. Slightly higher injury was noted when acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, bentazon, and pyridate were applied with prohexadione calcium. Minor increases in pitted morningglory control and peanut injury were noted when herbicides were applied with prohexadione calcium, most likely due to presence of urea ammonium nitrate. However, prohexadione calcium did not affect large crabgrass control by sethoxydim or clethodim. Collectively, these data suggest that prohexadione calcium and the majority of agrichemicals applied to peanut are compatible.

scholarly journals Interactions of Chlorpyrifos and Herbicides Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Brian M. Royals ◽  
Brenda Watson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Standard Application

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 in North Carolina to determine peanut injury, pod scarring, pod yield, and percentages of extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) following chlorpyrifos applied as a granular at pegging or as emulsifiable concentrate applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in mixture with pendimethalin. In one experiment, preemergence (PRE) herbicides consisted of S-metalochlor, S-metalochlor plus diclosulam, and S-metalochlor plus flumioxazin following chlorpyrifos. In a separate experiment, the postemergence (POST) herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, and paraquat plus bentazon were applied when peanut diameter was 10 to 15 cm. Chlorpyrifos did not interact with diclosulam or flumioxazin applied PRE or with the POST herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, or paraquat plus bentazon with respect to visual injury and pod yield. Applying chlorpyrifos at pegging was more effective than PPI applications in reducing pod scarification caused by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) feeding. Although PRE and POST herbicides injured peanut in a manner consistent with standard application of these herbicides, pod yield, %ELK and %TSMK were not affected by early season injury. However, pod yield was lower in the experiment with POST herbicides when chlorpyrifos was applied PPI compared with granular application at pegging. No differences in pod yield, %ELK, %FP, and %TSMK were noted when comparing PPI and pegging applications of chlorpyrifos in the PRE herbicide experiment.

Influence of Crop Rotation on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobium in North Carolina

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
J. Steven Barnes ◽  
Tommy Corbett ◽  
Clyde Bogle ◽  
Ty Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium can vary depending on edaphic and environmental conditions and cropping history. Determining if response is associated with the number years between peanut plantings may increase understanding of when to expect a positive response to inoculation of peanut. Four experiments were conducted in North Carolina to determine peanut response to in-furrow inoculation with Bradyrhizobium when a range of years and typical crops grown in North Carolina often separating peanut plantings. Rotations varied from continuous peanut in some experiments to as many as five years of a non-peanut crop separating peanut plantings. The interaction of crop rotation by inoculation treatment (no inoculation versus in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobium) was not significant for visually estimated peanut canopy color or pod yield in any of the experiments. However, the main effect of rotation was significant in three of four experiments while the main effect of inoculation was significant in two of four experiments. Increasing the number of years a non-peanut crop was planted between peanut plantings increased yield in three of four experiments. Results from these experiments suggest that using the number of non-peanut crops included between peanut plantings is not a good indicator of determining when peanut will respond positively to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium.

Influence of Application Variables on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Russell C. Nuti ◽  
Joshua B. Beam ◽  
Sarah H. Lancaster ◽  
James E. Lanier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
The Past ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Prohexadione calcium retards peanut vegetative vine growth, improves row visibility, and potentially reduces pod shed, thus increasing pod yield compared with non-treated peanut. Although prohexadione calcium has been registered for use in peanut for the past decade, practitioners continue to express a range of questions about use including banded application, compatibility with other agrichemcials, and interactions of application rate and timing. In experiments over multiple years, applying prohexadione calcium to lateral branches only of peanut increased row visibility compared with banded applications over main stems or broadcast applications over the entire peanut canopy. Similarly, when using different spray nozzle configurations, greater row visibility was noted when the highest rate of prohexadione calcium was applied over lateral branches compared with broadcast applications of a uniform rate across all spray nozzles or when the highest rate was delivered to main stems. Delaying the first of two sequential applications of prohexadione calcium 1 wk after 50% row closure resulted in reduced row visibility regardless of application rate when compared with sequential applications initiated at 50% row closure. Applying prohexadione calcium within 2 to 3 wks prior to digging and vine inversion resulted in minor increases in improved row visibility and did not affect pod yield. Efficacy of prohexadione calcium was not affected by tank mixing with pyraclostrobin or 2,4-DB.

scholarly journals Influence of Digging Date and Fungicide Program on Canopy Defoliation and Pod Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danésha S. Carley ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Barbara B. Shew ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
L. Cecil Dharmasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Weekly Schedule ◽  
Late Leaf Spot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
General Recommendation

Abstract Although response can be variable and is dependant upon many factors, digging peanut as little as 1 wk prior to or 1 wk following optimum maturity can result in substantial reductions in pod yield. While growers often assume that harvest should be initiated prior to optimum maturity in fields with high levels of canopy defoliation, there is no clear threshold where gains in pod weight and grade are offset by losses due to pod shedding. Moreover, yield loss relationships for foliar diseases have not been characterized for modern virginia market-type cultivars. Determining interactions between digging date and peanut canopy defoliation would assist growers and their advisors in making more informed decisions on when to initiate harvest to avoid yield loss. Research conducted from 2004–2005 in North Carolina established a range of defoliation levels in a total of seven fields. Fungicides were applied on a bi-weekly schedule from early July through mid-September, or were applied two times in July, or were not applied. Plots were dug early, 6 to 12 days before estimated optimum maturity, or at optimum maturity, as determined by the hull-scrape method. Although interactions between digging date and fungicide program were found in some cases, digging date and fungicide program effects often varied independently. A general recommendation of the percentage of canopy defoliation justifying early digging to prevent yield loss could not be determined from this research. However, data from these experiments reinforce the value of controlling early leaf spot, late leaf spot, and web blotch with timely fungicide applications and the importance of digging at optimum pod maturation for more recently released virginia market-type peanut.

Tolerance of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Herbicides Applied Postemergence

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Janet F. Spears ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
And Inversion

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 1999 through 2001 in North Carolina to determine peanut response under weed-free conditions to applications of postemergence herbicides. In one set of experiments, peanut tolerance to acifluorfen plus bentazon or acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB applied alone or with diclosulam, dimethenamid, flumioxazin, or metolachlor 6 to 8 wk after peanut emergence was evaluated. In a second set of experiments, paraquat plus bentazon was applied alone or with diclosulam, dimethenamid, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, or metolachlor 2 wk after peanut emergence. In a third set of experiments, imazapic was applied alone or with diclosulam or flumioxazin 3 to 4 wk after peanut emergence. In the fourth experiment, 2,4-DB was applied approximately 7, 5, or 3 wk before digging and inversion of vines. Flumioxazin applied alone or with aciflurofen plus bentazon (with or without 2,4-DB) injured peanut more than diclosulam, dimethenamid, or metolachlor applied alone or with acifluorfen plus bentazon or aciflurofen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB. Flumioxazin reduced pod yield 620 kg/ha when compared to non-treated peanut. Additionally, acifluorfen plus bentazon and acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB reduced yield by 200 and 150 kg/ha, respectively, when compared with non-treated peanut. Flumioxazin applied with paraquat plus bentazon was more injurious than diclosulam, dimethenamid, imazethapyr, or metolachlor applied with paraquat plus bentazon. There was no difference in peanut injury when paraquat plus bentazon was applied alone or with diclosulam. Dimethenamid or metolachlor increased injury by paraquat plus bentazon. Although diclosulam did not affect peanut injury from imazapic, injury increased when imazapic was applied with flumioxazin. When pooled over nine sites, 2,4-DB did not adversely affect pod yield, gross economic value, or percent seed germination when applied 7, 5, or 3 wk before vine inversion.

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