scholarly journals Interactions of Chlorpyrifos and Herbicides Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Brian M. Royals ◽  
Brenda Watson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Standard Application

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 in North Carolina to determine peanut injury, pod scarring, pod yield, and percentages of extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) following chlorpyrifos applied as a granular at pegging or as emulsifiable concentrate applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in mixture with pendimethalin. In one experiment, preemergence (PRE) herbicides consisted of S-metalochlor, S-metalochlor plus diclosulam, and S-metalochlor plus flumioxazin following chlorpyrifos. In a separate experiment, the postemergence (POST) herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, and paraquat plus bentazon were applied when peanut diameter was 10 to 15 cm. Chlorpyrifos did not interact with diclosulam or flumioxazin applied PRE or with the POST herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, or paraquat plus bentazon with respect to visual injury and pod yield. Applying chlorpyrifos at pegging was more effective than PPI applications in reducing pod scarification caused by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) feeding. Although PRE and POST herbicides injured peanut in a manner consistent with standard application of these herbicides, pod yield, %ELK and %TSMK were not affected by early season injury. However, pod yield was lower in the experiment with POST herbicides when chlorpyrifos was applied PPI compared with granular application at pegging. No differences in pod yield, %ELK, %FP, and %TSMK were noted when comparing PPI and pegging applications of chlorpyrifos in the PRE herbicide experiment.

Survey of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Virginia and North Carolina Peanut Fields1

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Herbert ◽  
R. L. Brandenburg ◽  
E. R. Day
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Sixty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields were surveyed for wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Virginia-North Carolina peanut area in 1989 and 1990. A series of baited container soil traps was placed in each field once in early June and again in early August for a total of 605 trap-weeks (trap per field per week = 1 trap-week)). Trap capture was similarly low in both states and in both years with a total of 59 wireworm specimens collected: an average of one wireworm per field per year. Species composition was similarly diverse with Conoderus vespertinus F. comprising 58 percent, C. lividus De Geer 20 percent, Glyphonx sp. 8 percent, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal 7 percent, C. sp. 5 percent, and C. bellus Say 2 percent. Even though wireworm captures were low, moderate to high levels of pod damage were observed. The large number of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) adults detected on nearby pheromone baited sticky traps indicated that most pod damage was not by wireworm but by southern corn rootworm. Implications are that although several wireworm species can be found in association with peanut, they appear to play only a minor role in peanut pod damage in the survey area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars for Resistance to Southern Corn Rootworm1

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt ◽  
D. A. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
New Cultivars

Abstract Southern corn rootworm (SCRW) (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) is the most damaging soil insect to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Virginia-North Carolina production area. New cultivars and advanced breeding lines have not been evaluated for resistance to SCRW. The objective of this 3-yr study was to evaluate three new cultivars (NC-V 11, VA-C 92R, and Agra Tech VC-1) and an advanced breeding line (VA 861101) for resistance to SCRW. NC 6 and NC 9 were used as resistant and susceptible checks, respectively. Pod damage, yield, market grade, and dollar value were obtained for each plot. Agra Tech VC-1, VA-C 92R, and VA 861101 had less total pod damage from SCRW than NC 9. VA 861101 produced significantly higher yields and value per ha than all cultivars on soil types conducive to SCRW damage. Insecticidetreated plots had significantly higher value per ha and lower total pod damage than untreated plots. Results from this study indicate that VA 861101 may be an acceptable replacement for NC 6. Agra Tech VC-1 is the most resistant of the newly released cultivars, but this is not reflected in higher yields.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

scholarly journals Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
C. W. Swann ◽  
A. S. Culpepper ◽  
A. C. York
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Concentrate Urea

Abstract Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.

scholarly journals Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to the Ethylene Binding Inhibitor 1-Methylcyclopropene

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Z. G. Taylor ◽  
L. R. Fisher ◽  
D. L. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Ethylene Binding ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Senescence and abscission of mature peanut pods is controlled by the ethylene cascade. Reducing senescence and abscission could involve inhibiting the ethylene cascade and allow greater harvest flexibility in peanut. Application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), the ethylene binding inhibitor, may reduce senescence and abscission of mature peanut pods. Research was conducted from 2005 through 2008 in North Carolina to determine the effects of 1-MCP on pod yield and percentages of sound mature kernels (%SMK), sound splits (%SS), total sound mature kernels (%TSMK), other kernels (%OK), extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and pod retention. Treatments of 1-MCP were applied at 26 g ai/ha plus a crop oil concentrate at 7, 10, or 14 d prior to digging peanut at the projected optimum digging date. Peanut was dug at the projected optimum digging date or at 7 or 20 d after projected optimum digging date. The cultivars NC-V 11 (2005 and 2007), Phillips (2006 and 2007), and Perry (2008) were evaluated in separate experiments. Pod yield, %SMK, %TSMK, %SS, %OK, %ELK, and %FP were not affected by 1-MCP regardless of application timing when NC-V 11 and Phillips were evaluated. Only %SMK and %TSMK were affected by 1-MCP when applied to the cultivar Perry. Digging date affected pod yield and market grade characteristics. When digging of Phillips and Perry was delayed by 7 or 20 d past the optimum digging date, %SMK and %TSMK increased. Pod retention, determined by comparing the number and mass of pods/plant following digging, was affected by digging date and location but not 1-MCP treatment. These data suggest that 1-MCP will have little activity on peanut pod yield, market grade characteristics, or pod retention.

Influence of Crop Rotation on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobium in North Carolina

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
J. Steven Barnes ◽  
Tommy Corbett ◽  
Clyde Bogle ◽  
Ty Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium can vary depending on edaphic and environmental conditions and cropping history. Determining if response is associated with the number years between peanut plantings may increase understanding of when to expect a positive response to inoculation of peanut. Four experiments were conducted in North Carolina to determine peanut response to in-furrow inoculation with Bradyrhizobium when a range of years and typical crops grown in North Carolina often separating peanut plantings. Rotations varied from continuous peanut in some experiments to as many as five years of a non-peanut crop separating peanut plantings. The interaction of crop rotation by inoculation treatment (no inoculation versus in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobium) was not significant for visually estimated peanut canopy color or pod yield in any of the experiments. However, the main effect of rotation was significant in three of four experiments while the main effect of inoculation was significant in two of four experiments. Increasing the number of years a non-peanut crop was planted between peanut plantings increased yield in three of four experiments. Results from these experiments suggest that using the number of non-peanut crops included between peanut plantings is not a good indicator of determining when peanut will respond positively to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium.

scholarly journals Influence of Digging Date and Fungicide Program on Canopy Defoliation and Pod Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danésha S. Carley ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Barbara B. Shew ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
L. Cecil Dharmasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Weekly Schedule ◽  
Late Leaf Spot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
General Recommendation

Abstract Although response can be variable and is dependant upon many factors, digging peanut as little as 1 wk prior to or 1 wk following optimum maturity can result in substantial reductions in pod yield. While growers often assume that harvest should be initiated prior to optimum maturity in fields with high levels of canopy defoliation, there is no clear threshold where gains in pod weight and grade are offset by losses due to pod shedding. Moreover, yield loss relationships for foliar diseases have not been characterized for modern virginia market-type cultivars. Determining interactions between digging date and peanut canopy defoliation would assist growers and their advisors in making more informed decisions on when to initiate harvest to avoid yield loss. Research conducted from 2004–2005 in North Carolina established a range of defoliation levels in a total of seven fields. Fungicides were applied on a bi-weekly schedule from early July through mid-September, or were applied two times in July, or were not applied. Plots were dug early, 6 to 12 days before estimated optimum maturity, or at optimum maturity, as determined by the hull-scrape method. Although interactions between digging date and fungicide program were found in some cases, digging date and fungicide program effects often varied independently. A general recommendation of the percentage of canopy defoliation justifying early digging to prevent yield loss could not be determined from this research. However, data from these experiments reinforce the value of controlling early leaf spot, late leaf spot, and web blotch with timely fungicide applications and the importance of digging at optimum pod maturation for more recently released virginia market-type peanut.

Relationship of Pod Damage by Southern Corn Rootworm and Soil Drainage to Peanut Yield

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Ang ◽  
D. A. Herbert ◽  
T. P. Mack ◽  
R. L. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract No published studies have quantified the relationship between damage to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods by the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, and yield. Peanut yields have generally been found to be inconsistently related to control measures (insecticide treatments) used for southern corn rootworm. This discrepancy may be caused by the variable survival of eggs and larvae in soils with different moisture retention capacities. This study determined the relationship of pod damage and the influence of soil drainage to peanut yield. Eleven on-farm tests for management of southern corn rootworm, conducted between 1989 to 1991 and involving 48 different control measures, were compiled for analysis. All experimental fields were classified into three drainage classes: moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained. Yield declined with an increase in percentage pod damage (P < 0.05). Percentage of mature pods damaged increased with increased area poorly drained. Stepwise regression models indicated that the inherent drainage properties of a field and proportion of pod damage observed, by themselves, can explain 45% of the variance observed in yield regardless of insecticide treatment.

Tolerance of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Herbicides Applied Postemergence

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Janet F. Spears ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
And Inversion

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 1999 through 2001 in North Carolina to determine peanut response under weed-free conditions to applications of postemergence herbicides. In one set of experiments, peanut tolerance to acifluorfen plus bentazon or acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB applied alone or with diclosulam, dimethenamid, flumioxazin, or metolachlor 6 to 8 wk after peanut emergence was evaluated. In a second set of experiments, paraquat plus bentazon was applied alone or with diclosulam, dimethenamid, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, or metolachlor 2 wk after peanut emergence. In a third set of experiments, imazapic was applied alone or with diclosulam or flumioxazin 3 to 4 wk after peanut emergence. In the fourth experiment, 2,4-DB was applied approximately 7, 5, or 3 wk before digging and inversion of vines. Flumioxazin applied alone or with aciflurofen plus bentazon (with or without 2,4-DB) injured peanut more than diclosulam, dimethenamid, or metolachlor applied alone or with acifluorfen plus bentazon or aciflurofen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB. Flumioxazin reduced pod yield 620 kg/ha when compared to non-treated peanut. Additionally, acifluorfen plus bentazon and acifluorfen plus bentazon plus 2,4-DB reduced yield by 200 and 150 kg/ha, respectively, when compared with non-treated peanut. Flumioxazin applied with paraquat plus bentazon was more injurious than diclosulam, dimethenamid, imazethapyr, or metolachlor applied with paraquat plus bentazon. There was no difference in peanut injury when paraquat plus bentazon was applied alone or with diclosulam. Dimethenamid or metolachlor increased injury by paraquat plus bentazon. Although diclosulam did not affect peanut injury from imazapic, injury increased when imazapic was applied with flumioxazin. When pooled over nine sites, 2,4-DB did not adversely affect pod yield, gross economic value, or percent seed germination when applied 7, 5, or 3 wk before vine inversion.

scholarly journals Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Altom ◽  
R. B. Westerman ◽  
D. S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (>84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.

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