scholarly journals Effect of Gypsum Application Rate, Soil Type, and Soil Calcium on Yield, Grade and Seed Quality of Runner Type Peanut Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Arnold III ◽  
J.P. Beasley ◽  
G.H. Harris ◽  
T.L. Grey ◽  
M. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The University ◽  
Gypsum Application

ABSTRACT Calcium (Ca) availability in the 0 to 8 cm soil depth often limits peanut yield and influences grade in the southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA (CPES) and the Southwest Georgia Research and Education Center, Plains, GA (SWREC) to determine large-seeded (Georgia-06G) and medium-seed sized (Georgia Greener) runner-type cultivar response to gypsum application rates of 0, 560, 1120, 1650 kg/ha. Peanut pod yield and grade (TSMK) were significantly different between locations with 7610 and 6540 kg/ha at CPES and SWREC, respectively. However, there were no differences between peanut cultivars or gypsum rates. Standard germination, seed vigor (cold germination), and seed Ca content analysis were also conducted on subsamples from each plot. Average peanut seed germination was 97% across all samples. No differences were observed for standard germination or vigor testing. Differences in locations were observed for yield, TSMK, percent jumbo, percent medium kernels, and seed Ca content. Peanut cultivar and gypsum application rate had effects on seed Ca concentration. Seed Ca concentration levels were 825 and 787 mg/kg for Georgia Greener and Georgia-06G, respectively. Seed Ca content increased as field gypsum application rate increased at both locations.

Pod Yield and Mineral Concentration of Four Peanut Cultivars Following Gypsum Application With Subsurface Drip Irrigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Sorensen ◽  
Christopher L. Butts
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Gypsum Application

Abstract A 2-year study (2004 and 2005) was conducted where gypsum was applied to four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and irrigated with subsurface drip to determine pod yield and mineral concentration of peanut plants and kernels. Gypsum rates were none, 560 and 1120 kg/ha. Peanut cultivars were C99R, Georgia Green (GG), NCV-11 (NCV), and GA-O2C (O2C). Irrigation was applied daily with subsurface drip irrigation except when precipitation exceeded the estimated daily water requirement. Average soil Ca and S concentrations increased as gypsum was applied, 5% and 20%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. The average soil calcium to potassium (Ca∶K) ratio increased to 9.8∶1 compared with 7.6∶1 prior to applying calcium. When averaged across calcium rates, peanut leaves had 3 and 14 times higher calcium and 1.4 times higher S concentrations compared with pegs and pods, respectively. The cultivars GG and NCV had the same pod yield. Cultivars C99R and O2C had the same yield as NCV but were less than GG. Germination rates were higher when gypsum was added compared to the non-treated control and with cultivars C99R and O2C. There was no difference in vigor by gypsum application rate. Kernel Ca concentration was higher with the addition of gypsum compared to the non-treated control. Cold test germination seed vigor increased with C99R and O2C compared with GG and NCV.

Influence of four commonly used pesticides on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. D. Choo ◽  
G. H. Baker ◽  
L. P. D. Choo ◽  
G. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Cocoon Production ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Aporrectodea Trapezoides ◽  
Growth And Reproduction ◽  
Significant Mortality

The effects of 4 commonly used pesticides, endosulfan (insecticide), fenamiphos (nematicide), methiocarb (molluscicide), and ridomil (fungicide) on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) were measured in laboratory and field experiments. When the earthworms were exposed to the pesticides on moist filter paper for 48 h, fenamiphos and, to a lesser extent, endosulfan caused significant mortality. In contrast, the survival of A. trapezoides was rarely affected by the pesticides during exposure for 5 weeks in pots and cages containing soil (only noted under 10 × normal application rate of endosulfan against adult worms). However, endosulfan did significantly reduce the weight of juvenile A. trapezoides within 5 weeks when applied to soil at normal application rate in both the field and laboratory. Fenamiphos did so at normal application rate in the field only. Fenamiphos and methiocarb reduced earthworm weight in the laboratory when applied at 10 × normal rate. The clitella of adult earthworms regressed with exposure to endosulfan at normal rate and also exposure to fenamiphos at 10 × normal rate. Cocoon production was inhibited by endosulfan and fenamiphos at normal application rates and methiocarb at 10 × normal rate. The use of some pesticides, in particular endosulfan, could significantly reduce the establishment of abundant and beneficial populations of earthworms in Australian pastures.

scholarly journals Picloram Release from Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Roots in the Field

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael V. Hickman ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soil Residue

Picloram release by leafy spurge roots, as affected by picloram rate, plant growth stage, and time intervals after treatment, was quantified under field conditions. Picloram was pipe-wick applied to leafy spurge in the vegetative, flowering, and seed-filling growth stages. Percent leafy spurge control was evaluated and picloram residues were determined in soil samples from 0- to 13-, 13- to 26-, and 26- to 39-cm depths taken 1, 2, and 3 weeks after treatment. Leafy spurge was controlled (frequently >85%) by all picloram concentrations applied, although control tended to increase as solution concentration increased. Picloram release from roots was greater from plants treated in the flowering and seed-filling stages than from plants in the vegetative stage. Picloram release from roots generally was correlated with application rate, averaging 490, 820, and 1420 ppbw in soil for the 30, 60, and 120 g ae/L application rates, respectively. Picloram release from roots occurred rapidly with 86% of the picloram detected in the 0- to 13-cm soil depth present by 1 week after treatment. Picloram was detected at all soil depths sampled, but over 84% was in the upper 13 cm and 8% was in both the 13- to 26- and 26- to 39-cm depths. Leafy spurge shoots emerged through a 7.5- and 15-cm depth of picloram-treated soil at concentrations up to 1000 ppbw within 14 to 21 days after the untreated control. Picloram soil residue had little effect on leafy spurge root growth.

Indaziflam Enhances Buckhorn Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Control from Postemergence Herbicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Christopher R. Johnston ◽  
Thomas V. Reed ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Buckhorn plantain is a perennial weed in turfgrass and efficacy of POST herbicides is often inconsistent for control in spring. Indaziflam is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor used for PRE control of annual weeds in turf and applications have shown to be injurious to established buckhorn plantain. The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) effects of indaziflam application rate and placement on buckhorn plantain injury; (2) effects of tank-mixing indaziflam with POST herbicides for buckhorn plantain control; and (3) physiological effects of indaziflam on absorption and translocation of14C-2,4-D in buckhorn plantain. In greenhouse experiments, indaziflam reduced buckhorn plantain shoot mass 61 to 75% from the nontreated at 4 wk after treatment (WAT) and hierarchical rank of application placements were: foliar + soil ≥ soil ≥ foliar. Differences in biomass reduction from application rates (27.5 and 55 g ai ha−1) were not detected. In field experiments, indaziflam at 55 g ha−1controlled buckhorn plantain 34% at 9 WAT but enhanced the speed of control from all herbicides tested in tank mixtures. Exclusive applications of 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP provided poor control (< 70%) of buckhorn plantain at 9 WAT, but tank mixtures with indaziflam provided 81 and 98% control, respectively. Fluroxypyr and simazine alone controlled buckhorn plantain < 38% but tank mixtures with indaziflam enhanced control more than twice as much from exclusive applications. Tank-mixing indaziflam with metsulfuron did not improve control from metsulfuron alone after 9 wk. Bermudagrass injury was not detected from any treatment. In laboratory experiments,14C-2,4-D absorption and translocation in buckhorn plantain was similar with or without indaziflam tank mixtures at 72 and 168 h after treatment. Overall, indaziflam may improve buckhorn plantain control from POST herbicides by providing additive phytotoxicity in tank mixtures in spring.

The effect of application rate of chemical herbicides on weed control and yield in early potatoes

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
Annual Weeds

SummaryIn a series of field experiments from 1966 to 1969, on light sandy loam soils in the West Midlands, comparisons were made between two levels of application of herbicides based on urea, triazine and bipyridil compounds for weed control in early potatoes.Under conditions of adequate nutrient and water supply, the high application rate controlled about 94%, and the low application rate about 88% of the annual weeds. At equivalent application rates, urea compounds and herbicide mixtures containing ureas, gave superior weed control to triazine compounds and herbicide mixtures containing triazines, but the ureas were apparently more phytotoxic to the potatoes.In 1970, comparisons were made between three levels of application of ametryne and monolinuron, high, medium and low and an unsprayed control treatment.The highest yields of potatoes were associated with the low application rates of herbicides from 1966 to 1970.It was concluded that, on these light sandy loam soils, when irrigation is available, relatively low application rates of either monolinuron or ametryne, or mixtures of ureas or of triazines, or mixtures of bipyridils and ureas or triazines could give adequate control of annual weeds in early potatoes at low cost.

Effect of Application Rate, Weed Species, and Weed Stage of Growth on Imazethapyr Activity

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Charles A. King ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Application Rates

Field experiments were conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1988 to evaluate imazethapyr rate and time of application on postemergence control of 24 weed species. Contour graphs were developed that predicted imazethapyr rates required for various levels of weed control based upon weed leaf number at application. Rates below the labeled rate (70 g ha−1) provided 90% or greater control of common cocklebur, smallflower morningglory, and smooth pigweed if applied to 3 true-leaf or smaller weeds and of barnyardgrass, seedling johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth if applied while weeds were in the cotyledon or 1 true-leaf stage. A rate of 70 g ha−1provided 90% control of large crabgrass in the 1 true-leaf stage. Entireleaf morningglory, red rice, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf are not susceptible enough to imazethapyr for 90% or greater control to be obtained with rates lower than 70 g ha−1at the 1 true-leaf growth stage. These data demonstrate how control data can be used for developing effective reduced-rate herbicide recommendations based on weed leaf number.

Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Control of Canada thistle

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. C. Murrell ◽  
J. J. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Control ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Alfalfa Seed

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] is increasing in both frequency and density in Saskatchewan alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed fields. Application of preharvest glyphosate is an effective means of controlling Canada thistle in annual crops. This study was conducted to determine the effects of preharvest glyphosate on Canada thistle control and crop tolerance in alfalfa seed fields. Five field experiments were conducted in northeast Saskatchewan between 1995 and 1997 in which preharvest glyphosate was applied at 0, 220, 440, 660, 880, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1 when 60–70% of alfalfa seed pods were brown. Glyphosate did not affect seed yield in the year of application at any application rate, nor germination and subsequent emergence of the harvested seed. Alfalfa regrowth in the year following application declined linearly as the rate of preharvest glyphosate increased. Seed yield was also reduced in the year following glyphosate application. Glyphosate application at 220 g a.i. ha-1 significantly reduced Canada thistle regrowth in the year following application. Canada thistle density decreased in 2 of 4 site years with increasing rates of preharvest glyphosate. Using preharvest glyphosate at rates higher than 220 g a.i. ha-1 in seed alfalfa is not recommended when future seed harvest is planned. However, higher rates of preharvest glyphosate could be used in the final year of seed production to facilitate alfalfa removal. Key words: Preharvest glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, germination, hard seed and emergence

Effect of sulfur application on selenium content of subterranean clover plants grown at different levels of selenium supply

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (119) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Low Selenium

To assess the feasibility of adding selenium to pastures likely to be associated with White Muscle Disease and related disorders in stock, plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were raised in pots and supplied with rates of selenium (as selenate) and sulfur (as sulfate) in factorial combinations. On the soil used, increasing rates of selenium progressively depressed growth of clover and increased its selenium concentration; sulfur stimulated growth up to an addition of about 16 yg S/g and depressed the selenium concentration only when selenium was added. More sulfur was required to depress the selenium concentration to a threshold level, which was characteristic of a particular selenium application rate, at high initial selenium levels than at low. Clover growth was reduced when the sulfur to selenium ratio in the tops was less than 50: 1. Application rates greater than 0.025 �g Se/g soil (= 40 g/ha) produced young clover plants with excessive levels of selenium for consumption by stock. The safe rate for application to a mixed pasture is likely to be considerably less than that value. Field experiments confirmed that appreciable diminution of the selenium concentration in pasture as a result of sulfur addition occurred only when selenium was in plentiful supply. Grasses were much more affected than clovers. It is concluded that the negative interaction demonstrated between selenium and sulfur is of no practical significance when each is added at rates appropriate to the treatment of low sulfur-low selenium pastures.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Fertilizer Calibration Studies with Three Mustard Cabbage Varieties in Tropical Soils with Initial High P Levels

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107D-1107
Author(s):  
Hector Valenzuela ◽  
Ted Goo ◽  
Dave Wall ◽  
Roger Corrales ◽  
Susan Migita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The University ◽  
High Elevations

Regulatory agencies are concerned about the high levels of P fertilizers used in some agricultural areas because of potential runoff to aquatic habitats. Farmers in Hawaii traditionally make blanket P applications even in soils high in P. Many farmers, especially those growing leafy crops, claim to observe responses to P, especially during the cooler winter months. A series of 15 field experiments were conducted over a 2-year period to evaluate the response of three mustard cabbage varieties to five P fertilizer rates across three locations in the state, and across several planting seasons. All experiments were conducted in soils with P levels that the University of Hawaii determined to be high in P. The experimental design for each experiment consisted of three commercial mustard cabbage varieties, and five P application rates (from 0 to 400 kg·ha-1 of TSP). Each plot consisted of a 3-m double-row, with plants spaced 15 cm within the row, and 30 cm between rows, with four replications per treatment. Each experiment thus consisted of 60 plots (three varietie × five P rate × four replications). After the initial P applications were made on each site, three consecutive crops were planted on the same site without making any additional P applications. Data collected included soil fertility prior to initiation and after experiment completion, tissue nutrient levels, plant height during crop establishment, and individual head weight of 20 plants per treatment. Our data show that even in soils with initial high levels of P, mustard cabbage responded to P applications, especially at high elevations and during the cooler months of the year. From this data we recommend that the University recalibrate its P fertilizer recommendations for leafy vegetable production in Hawaii.

Influence of single and combined mixtures of metal oxide nanoparticles on eggplant growth, yield, and Verticillium wilt severity

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Elmer ◽  
Roberto DeLaTorre Roche ◽  
Nubia Zuverza-Mena ◽  
Ishaq H Adisa ◽  
Christian Dimkpa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Application Rates

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the major diseases of eggplants. Nanoparticles (NP) of CuO, Mn2O3, and/or ZnO were sprayed alone onto leaves young eggplants and in different combinations and rates and then seedlings were transplanted into soil infested with V. dahliae in the greenhouse and field during 2015-2018. All combinations of NP were consistently less effective than CuO NP applied alone at 500 µg/ml at enhancing disease suppression, biomass, and fruit yield. CuO NP were associated with an increase in fruit yield (17% and 33% increase) and disease suppression (28% and 22% reduction) in 2016 and 2017, respectively, when compared to untreated controls. However, this effect was negated in the greenhouse and field experiments when CuO NP was combined with Mn2O3. Combining NP of CuO with ZnO resulted in variable effects; amendments increased growth and suppressed disease in greenhouse experiments, but results were mixed in the field. Leaf tissue analyses from the greenhouse experiments showed that Cu concentration in leaves was reduced when CuO NP was combined with other NPs even when application rates were the same amount. A simple competition for entry sites may explain why combinations of CuO NP and Mn2O3NP reduced efficacy but does not explain the lack of inhibition between Cu and Zn. NPs of CuO performed better than their larger bulk equivalent and studies on application rate found 500 µg/ml was optimal. No phytotoxicity, as determined, by leaf burning, necrotic spots or dead apical buds was noted even at the highest combined rates of 1,500 µg/ml.

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