Influence of four commonly used pesticides on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. D. Choo ◽  
G. H. Baker ◽  
L. P. D. Choo ◽  
G. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Normal Rate ◽  
Cocoon Production ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Aporrectodea Trapezoides ◽  
Growth And Reproduction ◽  
Significant Mortality

The effects of 4 commonly used pesticides, endosulfan (insecticide), fenamiphos (nematicide), methiocarb (molluscicide), and ridomil (fungicide) on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) were measured in laboratory and field experiments. When the earthworms were exposed to the pesticides on moist filter paper for 48 h, fenamiphos and, to a lesser extent, endosulfan caused significant mortality. In contrast, the survival of A. trapezoides was rarely affected by the pesticides during exposure for 5 weeks in pots and cages containing soil (only noted under 10 × normal application rate of endosulfan against adult worms). However, endosulfan did significantly reduce the weight of juvenile A. trapezoides within 5 weeks when applied to soil at normal application rate in both the field and laboratory. Fenamiphos did so at normal application rate in the field only. Fenamiphos and methiocarb reduced earthworm weight in the laboratory when applied at 10 × normal rate. The clitella of adult earthworms regressed with exposure to endosulfan at normal rate and also exposure to fenamiphos at 10 × normal rate. Cocoon production was inhibited by endosulfan and fenamiphos at normal application rates and methiocarb at 10 × normal rate. The use of some pesticides, in particular endosulfan, could significantly reduce the establishment of abundant and beneficial populations of earthworms in Australian pastures.

scholarly journals Effect of Gypsum Application Rate, Soil Type, and Soil Calcium on Yield, Grade and Seed Quality of Runner Type Peanut Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Arnold III ◽  
J.P. Beasley ◽  
G.H. Harris ◽  
T.L. Grey ◽  
M. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The University ◽  
Gypsum Application

ABSTRACT Calcium (Ca) availability in the 0 to 8 cm soil depth often limits peanut yield and influences grade in the southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA (CPES) and the Southwest Georgia Research and Education Center, Plains, GA (SWREC) to determine large-seeded (Georgia-06G) and medium-seed sized (Georgia Greener) runner-type cultivar response to gypsum application rates of 0, 560, 1120, 1650 kg/ha. Peanut pod yield and grade (TSMK) were significantly different between locations with 7610 and 6540 kg/ha at CPES and SWREC, respectively. However, there were no differences between peanut cultivars or gypsum rates. Standard germination, seed vigor (cold germination), and seed Ca content analysis were also conducted on subsamples from each plot. Average peanut seed germination was 97% across all samples. No differences were observed for standard germination or vigor testing. Differences in locations were observed for yield, TSMK, percent jumbo, percent medium kernels, and seed Ca content. Peanut cultivar and gypsum application rate had effects on seed Ca concentration. Seed Ca concentration levels were 825 and 787 mg/kg for Georgia Greener and Georgia-06G, respectively. Seed Ca content increased as field gypsum application rate increased at both locations.

Indaziflam Enhances Buckhorn Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Control from Postemergence Herbicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Christopher R. Johnston ◽  
Thomas V. Reed ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Buckhorn plantain is a perennial weed in turfgrass and efficacy of POST herbicides is often inconsistent for control in spring. Indaziflam is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor used for PRE control of annual weeds in turf and applications have shown to be injurious to established buckhorn plantain. The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) effects of indaziflam application rate and placement on buckhorn plantain injury; (2) effects of tank-mixing indaziflam with POST herbicides for buckhorn plantain control; and (3) physiological effects of indaziflam on absorption and translocation of14C-2,4-D in buckhorn plantain. In greenhouse experiments, indaziflam reduced buckhorn plantain shoot mass 61 to 75% from the nontreated at 4 wk after treatment (WAT) and hierarchical rank of application placements were: foliar + soil ≥ soil ≥ foliar. Differences in biomass reduction from application rates (27.5 and 55 g ai ha−1) were not detected. In field experiments, indaziflam at 55 g ha−1controlled buckhorn plantain 34% at 9 WAT but enhanced the speed of control from all herbicides tested in tank mixtures. Exclusive applications of 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP provided poor control (< 70%) of buckhorn plantain at 9 WAT, but tank mixtures with indaziflam provided 81 and 98% control, respectively. Fluroxypyr and simazine alone controlled buckhorn plantain < 38% but tank mixtures with indaziflam enhanced control more than twice as much from exclusive applications. Tank-mixing indaziflam with metsulfuron did not improve control from metsulfuron alone after 9 wk. Bermudagrass injury was not detected from any treatment. In laboratory experiments,14C-2,4-D absorption and translocation in buckhorn plantain was similar with or without indaziflam tank mixtures at 72 and 168 h after treatment. Overall, indaziflam may improve buckhorn plantain control from POST herbicides by providing additive phytotoxicity in tank mixtures in spring.

The effect of application rate of chemical herbicides on weed control and yield in early potatoes

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
Annual Weeds

SummaryIn a series of field experiments from 1966 to 1969, on light sandy loam soils in the West Midlands, comparisons were made between two levels of application of herbicides based on urea, triazine and bipyridil compounds for weed control in early potatoes.Under conditions of adequate nutrient and water supply, the high application rate controlled about 94%, and the low application rate about 88% of the annual weeds. At equivalent application rates, urea compounds and herbicide mixtures containing ureas, gave superior weed control to triazine compounds and herbicide mixtures containing triazines, but the ureas were apparently more phytotoxic to the potatoes.In 1970, comparisons were made between three levels of application of ametryne and monolinuron, high, medium and low and an unsprayed control treatment.The highest yields of potatoes were associated with the low application rates of herbicides from 1966 to 1970.It was concluded that, on these light sandy loam soils, when irrigation is available, relatively low application rates of either monolinuron or ametryne, or mixtures of ureas or of triazines, or mixtures of bipyridils and ureas or triazines could give adequate control of annual weeds in early potatoes at low cost.

Effect of Application Rate, Weed Species, and Weed Stage of Growth on Imazethapyr Activity

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Charles A. King ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Application Rates

Field experiments were conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1988 to evaluate imazethapyr rate and time of application on postemergence control of 24 weed species. Contour graphs were developed that predicted imazethapyr rates required for various levels of weed control based upon weed leaf number at application. Rates below the labeled rate (70 g ha−1) provided 90% or greater control of common cocklebur, smallflower morningglory, and smooth pigweed if applied to 3 true-leaf or smaller weeds and of barnyardgrass, seedling johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth if applied while weeds were in the cotyledon or 1 true-leaf stage. A rate of 70 g ha−1provided 90% control of large crabgrass in the 1 true-leaf stage. Entireleaf morningglory, red rice, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf are not susceptible enough to imazethapyr for 90% or greater control to be obtained with rates lower than 70 g ha−1at the 1 true-leaf growth stage. These data demonstrate how control data can be used for developing effective reduced-rate herbicide recommendations based on weed leaf number.

Effect of sulfur application on selenium content of subterranean clover plants grown at different levels of selenium supply

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (119) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Low Selenium

To assess the feasibility of adding selenium to pastures likely to be associated with White Muscle Disease and related disorders in stock, plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were raised in pots and supplied with rates of selenium (as selenate) and sulfur (as sulfate) in factorial combinations. On the soil used, increasing rates of selenium progressively depressed growth of clover and increased its selenium concentration; sulfur stimulated growth up to an addition of about 16 yg S/g and depressed the selenium concentration only when selenium was added. More sulfur was required to depress the selenium concentration to a threshold level, which was characteristic of a particular selenium application rate, at high initial selenium levels than at low. Clover growth was reduced when the sulfur to selenium ratio in the tops was less than 50: 1. Application rates greater than 0.025 �g Se/g soil (= 40 g/ha) produced young clover plants with excessive levels of selenium for consumption by stock. The safe rate for application to a mixed pasture is likely to be considerably less than that value. Field experiments confirmed that appreciable diminution of the selenium concentration in pasture as a result of sulfur addition occurred only when selenium was in plentiful supply. Grasses were much more affected than clovers. It is concluded that the negative interaction demonstrated between selenium and sulfur is of no practical significance when each is added at rates appropriate to the treatment of low sulfur-low selenium pastures.

Influence of single and combined mixtures of metal oxide nanoparticles on eggplant growth, yield, and Verticillium wilt severity

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Elmer ◽  
Roberto DeLaTorre Roche ◽  
Nubia Zuverza-Mena ◽  
Ishaq H Adisa ◽  
Christian Dimkpa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Application Rates

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the major diseases of eggplants. Nanoparticles (NP) of CuO, Mn2O3, and/or ZnO were sprayed alone onto leaves young eggplants and in different combinations and rates and then seedlings were transplanted into soil infested with V. dahliae in the greenhouse and field during 2015-2018. All combinations of NP were consistently less effective than CuO NP applied alone at 500 µg/ml at enhancing disease suppression, biomass, and fruit yield. CuO NP were associated with an increase in fruit yield (17% and 33% increase) and disease suppression (28% and 22% reduction) in 2016 and 2017, respectively, when compared to untreated controls. However, this effect was negated in the greenhouse and field experiments when CuO NP was combined with Mn2O3. Combining NP of CuO with ZnO resulted in variable effects; amendments increased growth and suppressed disease in greenhouse experiments, but results were mixed in the field. Leaf tissue analyses from the greenhouse experiments showed that Cu concentration in leaves was reduced when CuO NP was combined with other NPs even when application rates were the same amount. A simple competition for entry sites may explain why combinations of CuO NP and Mn2O3NP reduced efficacy but does not explain the lack of inhibition between Cu and Zn. NPs of CuO performed better than their larger bulk equivalent and studies on application rate found 500 µg/ml was optimal. No phytotoxicity, as determined, by leaf burning, necrotic spots or dead apical buds was noted even at the highest combined rates of 1,500 µg/ml.

scholarly journals Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides dimethachlor and pethoxamid in rocket crop

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 305-316
Author(s):  
Ivana Doležalová ◽  
Irena Petrželová ◽  
Martin Duchoslav
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Residue Level ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Maximum Residue Level

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy, selectivity and health harmlessness of four application rates of two pre-emergent herbicides (pethoxamid and dimethachlor) in the rocket [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cavanilles)]. Pethoxamid was found to be less efficient on the total weed density (efficacy 86.0–93.3%) in comparison with the effect of dimethachlor (94.9–95.8%). Dimethachlor expressed an excellent efficacy on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauvois, Portulaca oleracea Linnaeus, Amaranthus retroflexus Linnaeus, Lamium purpureum Linnaeus, and Veronica persica Poiret from the lowest tested application rate (800 g/ha). Pethoxamid showed an excellent efficacy on E. crus-galli, Lamium purpureum, Lamium amplexicaule Linnaeus, V. persica, and P. oleracea. In higher application rates, pethoxamid controlled Chenopodium polyspermum Linnaeus and Chenopodium album Linnaeus. In contrast to mostly negative effects of dimethachlor, pethoxamid showed either no effects or positive ones on the rocket yield. Residues of both herbicides in the harvested product were always below a 'default limit', which is the baseline maximum residue level for food. The selectivity of pethoxamid at an application rate of 960 g/ha was good, herbicide residues in the rocket were not detected and the yield of the rocket increased.

scholarly journals Effect of Host Plant Resistance and Reduced Rates and Frequencies of Fungicide Application to Control Potato Late Blight

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1113-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Kirk ◽  
K. J. Felcher ◽  
D. S. Douches ◽  
J. Coombs ◽  
J. M. Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Commercial Potato

Field experiments were conducted during 1998 to 2000 to determine the response of commercial potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL) differing in susceptibility to foliar late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) to reduced rates and frequencies of residual, contact fungicide applications. When environmental conditions were most favorable for the development of late blight, the lowest application rate of the fungicides chlorothalonil or fluazinam (33% of the manufacturers' recommended application rate [MRAR]) gave unsatisfactory control of potato late blight. Under conditions moderately conducive for late blight development, effective control was achieved with 33 to 66% MRAR with either fungicide. The Michigan State University advanced selection, MSG274-3, was the least susceptible ABL tested and, during 1998 to 2000, late blight was effectively managed using reduced rates of fungicides. Application rates of chlorothalonil (33 to 100% MRAR) significantly reduced late blight in the cultivar Snowden (5-day application interval) compared with the nontreated control; whereas, late blight was not effectively controlled in Snowden even at 100% MRAR of chlorothalonil at either 10- or 15-day application intervals in 1999 or 2000. The ABL MSG274-3 was the least susceptible of all cultivars and ABL used in this study, and required minimal chemical protection against late blight. The study demonstrates that ABL with reduced susceptibility to late blight can be managed with reduced fungicide rates and longer application intervals, thus offering more economical control of this disease.

Nitrogen Availability of Sewage Effluent to Maize Compared to Synthetic Fertilizers under Surface Drip Irrigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1365-1377
Author(s):  
Lijun Guo ◽  
Jiusheng Li ◽  
Yanfeng Li ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
N Application ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Application Rates

Abstract. Field experiments on maize ( L.) under surface drip irrigation were carried out during two consecutive growing seasons to examine the influence of water quality (groundwater and secondary sewage effluent) and nitrogen (N) application rate on growth and yield, N agronomic efficiency, and N availability of effluent. Pot experiments were conducted using the 15N isotope tracer method and the fertilizer equivalence (FE) approach to provide direct evidence of the effluent N availability derived from the field experiments. Four N application rates ranging from 0 to 180 kg ha-1 for field experiments and from 0 to 2.64 g pot-1 (0 to 210 kg ha-1 equivalent) for pot experiments were investigated with secondary sewage effluent (SW) and groundwater (GW). Results showed that either irrigation with sewage effluent or increasing N application rates from 0 to 120 kg ha-1 were conducive to increasing maize productivity. Nonetheless, SW irrigation reduced the agronomic efficiency of applied N compared to GW irrigation supplemented with fertilizers, suggesting greater potential N losses under SW irrigation. Effluent N that was absorbed by maize was negatively correlated to increasing N application rates. On average, the N contained in effluent was only 51% to 69% as available as an equivalent application rate of urea N in improving maize production. The organic N fraction of effluent (20%) and higher potential N losses from SW irrigation primarily explained the lower effluent N availability in comparison to fertilizer urea. Overall results recommended an economic and ecological N application rate of 107 kg ha-1 for maize under drip irrigation when applying SW, with an approximate 14% urea N reduction to attain a satisfactory yield in comparison to GW irrigation. Keywords: Agronomic efficiency, Fertilizer equivalence approach, Isotope tracer method, Secondary treated wastewater.

AMOUNT AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILITY OF SOYA, DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF MAIN TILLAGE OF SOIL AND MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION MODE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Novokhatskyi ◽  
◽  
V. Targonya ◽  
T. Babinets ◽  
O. Gorodetskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.

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