Utilization of Imidacloprid to Control Thrips in Peanut in North Carolina

ABSTRACT Tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) is an important pest in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and injury from this insect can lower yield. Research was conducted from 2012 through 2014 in North Carolina to compare visible injury from tobacco thrips feeding and peanut yield when acephate, imidacloprid, and phorate were applied alone in the seed furrow at planting or followed by acephate applied postemergence 3 weeks after planting. In a second experiment conducted during the same time period, a commercial liquid formulation of Bradyrhizobia inoculant was applied alone or with imidacloprid in fields with and without plantings of peanut in recent years. Peanut injury from tobacco thrips feeding was reduced by acephate, imidacloprid, and phorate applied in the seed furrow at planting compared with non-treated peanut. Acephate applied 3 weeks after planting generally reduced injury from thrips. Pod yield was greater when imidacloprid was applied compared with yield for the non-treated control or when acephate was applied in the seed furrow. Pod yield was similar regardless of in-furrow treatment when acephate was applied postemergence. Thrips control by imidacloprid was not affected by Bradyrhizobia inoculant, and imidacloprid did not negatively affect efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant regardless of previous field history. These data indicate that imidacloprid protects peanut as well as or more effectively than the systemic insecticides acephate and phorate and that imidacloprid is compatible with Bradyrhizobia inoculant.

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Influence of Planting Date and Insecticide on Injury Caused by Tobacco Thrips and Peanut Yield in North Carolina

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/0095-3679-45.2.70 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 70-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D.J. Mahoney ◽

D.L. Jordan ◽

R.L. Brandenburg ◽

B.R. Royals ◽

M.D. Inman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Visible Injury ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Pest Incidence ◽

Tobacco Thrips

ABSTRACT Planting date can affect pest incidence and severity in peanut. Research was conducted from 2013 to 2016 in North Carolina to determine tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)] injury and pod yield when peanut was planted in early, mid-, and late-May when phorate was applied in the seed furrow at planting, acephate was applied to emerged peanut 3 wk after planting, or when both insecticides were applied. Differences in visible injury to peanut caused by tobacco thrips feeding were observed across yr, planting dates, and insecticide treatments. Applying either phorate or acephate was often as effective as the combination of both insecticides in preventing injury caused by tobacco thrips although in some instances applying both insecticides was more effective than a single insecticide. Visible injury caused by tobacco thrips was often greater when peanut was planted in early May compared with later plantings. Peanut yield was protected equally from tobacco thrips injury by phorate, acephate, and the combination of both insecticides. Planting date and insecticides affected peanut yield independently suggesting that strategies for managing tobacco thrips will not differ across planting dates in North Carolina. Peanut yield was greater in 2 of 4 yr when planted in mid-May compared with planting in early or late-May.

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Compatibility of Acephate with Herbicides Applied Postemergence in Peanut

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps12-3r1.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

G. S. Chahal ◽

D. L. Jordan ◽

P. M. Eure ◽

R. L. Brandenburg

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Visible Injury ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Tobacco Thrips

ABSTRACT Numerous agrochemicals can be applied in peanut to control pests. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2009 and 2010 to determine peanut response to paraquat and tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds.) when acephate was applied in combination with chloroacetamide and contact herbicides. Experiments were also conducted during 2011 to determine peanut response to acephate applied alone or with paraquat when peanut was planted either without aldicarb or when aldicarb was applied in the seed furrow at planting. Visible peanut damage caused by tobacco thrips feeding was greater when chloroacetamide herbicides were applied without acephate compared with application with acephate regardless of paraquat treatment. Visible injury caused by paraquat was higher when chloroacetamide herbicides were included compared with paraquat alone in one of two years. Visible injury by paraquat was lower when applied with acephate compared to paraquat alone in one of two years. Acephate applied to peanut foliage and aldicarb applied in the seed furrow at planting protected peanut similarly from damage associated with tobacco thrips feeding. Acephate alone or with chloroacetamide herbicides changed solution pH from slightly acidic to highly acidic. Several combinations of pesticides formed either transient or permanent precipitates.

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Survival and Reproductive Success of Tobacco Thrips on Three Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infected and Noninfected Peanut Cultivars

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 49-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. E. Garcia ◽

G. G. Kennedy ◽

R. L. Brandenburg

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Mixed Model Analysis ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Tobacco Thrips ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Wilt Virus

Abstract A comparison of the survival and reproductive success of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyviridae: Tospovirus) (TSWV) infected and uninfected peanut plants was conducted under greenhouse conditions in North Carolina. Three cultivars—NC 9, NC-V11, and NC 12C—adapted to North Carolina production practices were evaluated. A total of 180 individually caged plants, in three replicates, were infested with 20 female F. fusca each. Adult and larval thrips were collected after 30 d on the plants. Final counts were square root transformed and a mixed model analysis of variance conducted. Effects of cultivar and the virus-by-cultivar interaction were not statistically significant. TSWV-infected plants had significantly fewer adult and larval F. fusca than did uninfected plants for adults (P = 0.04) and for larvae (P = 0.01). This study reports on an alternative method of assessing TSWV resistance among peanut cultivars and the trend appears to support the conclusions of a previous field study, which found NC 9 more susceptible to TSWV than either NC-V11 or NC 12C.

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Winter Occurance and Spring Migration of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Tripidae) in North Carolina Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Fields

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.30.1.0008 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 38-42

Author(s):

L. E. Garcia ◽

R. L. Brandenburg ◽

G. G. Kennedy ◽

J. E. Bailey ◽

J. R. Bradley

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Sampling Techniques ◽

Sticky Traps ◽

Prevailing Wind Direction ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Tobacco Thrips ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Wilt Virus

Abstract Overwintering of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), tobacco thrips, in North Carolina and their subsequent spring movement into peanut fields were evaluated using two winter sampling techniques and three spring sampling techniques at the Peanut Belt Res. Sta., Lewiston, NC. In the spring of 1992 and 1993, for 14 d following peanut planting, the aerial movement of tobacco thrips was monitored using cylindrical sticky traps, trap plants, and exclusion cages. Frankliniellafusca were trapped significantly more often at 0.2 m and 0.9 m than at 1.8 m and during the afternoons. Thrips catch was significantly influenced by prevailing wind direction. No thrips were caught on sticky traps on days when maximum temperatures did not exceed 18.7 C. Frankliniella fusca began to colonize emerging peanut plants as they cracked the soil surface on days when there were temperatures above 18.7 C and times when there was no precipitation. Aerial F. fusca movement was monitored with sticky traps for three consecutive winters during 1993–96. Tobacco thrips were collected on sticky traps throughout the winter; however, counts were lower in months and years with lower temperatures. Tobacco thrips, caged throughout the winter with peanut plants infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), were analyzed for the presence of a nonstructural protein (NSs) encoded for by the small RNA of TSWV and infectivity by ELISA. A total of eight tobacco thrips were collected, of which one tested positive.

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Influence of Planting Date, Fungicide Seed Treatment, and Phorate on Peanut in North Carolina

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps18-10.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 14-21

Author(s):

D.J. Mahoney ◽

D.L. Jordan ◽

R.L. Brandenburg ◽

B.B. Shew ◽

B.R. Royals ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Production Systems ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Planting Date ◽

Soil Borne Pathogens ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Treated Seed ◽

Tobacco Thrips ◽

Negative Impacts

ABSTRACT Establishing an adequate stand of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and minimizing the negative impact of tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)] is important for maximizing yield in both organic and conventional production systems. The incidence, severity, and impact of soil borne pathogens and thrips populations on peanut may be influenced by planting date, fungicide seed treatment, and/or systemic insecticide application. However, the interaction of these management techniques has not been investigated in North Carolina with Virginia market type cultivars to date. As such, research was conducted over four years in North Carolina to determine peanut stand, injury caused by tobacco thrips feeding, and pod yield as influenced by planting date (early, mid-, and late-May), fungicide seed treatment, and phorate applied in the seed furrow at planting. Peanut stand increased when planting fungicide-treated seed compared to non-treated seed, although the magnitude of this effect lessened with later May plantings. Regardless of phorate treatment, less thrips injury was noted when peanut was planted in mid- or late-May compared with early May in three of four years. Yet the addition of phorate in-furrow further reduced thrips injury at every planting date. Peanut yield increased 75% and 50% of the time when seed was treated with fungicide and phorate was applied in the seed furrow at planting, respectively. Yield was generally greater when peanut was planted in mid-May and late-May compared to planting in early May irrespective of fungicide seed treatment or phorate treatment. Peanut stand was negatively and positively correlated with observed thrips injury and peanut yield, respectively. Additionally, peanut yield was negatively correlated to thrips injury. These data suggest that conventional producers should utilize treated seed and phorate in-furrow for thrips management regardless of planting date and that organic producers should plant in late May to minimize negative impacts of thrips and soil borne pathogens.

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The Impact of Tillage Practices on Thrips Injury of Peanut in North Carolina and Virginia1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-25-1-7 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 27-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R. L. Brandenburg ◽

D. A. Herbert ◽

G. A. Sullivan ◽

G. C. Naderman ◽

S. F. Wright

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Insect Pests ◽

General Trend ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Peanut Production ◽

The Impact

Abstract Reduced tillage peanut production is gaining popularity and the impact of this practice on insect pests is not well understood. This study monitored thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) damage and abundance on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and Virginia on peanuts grown under different tillage regimes from 1986-92. A general trend for less thrips damage in reduced tillage plots was consistent in all years except 1992 in North Carolina. In many instances, damage to plants in reduced tillage peanuts was significantly less than in a conventionally tilled system. The implications for future pest management strategies involving reduced pesticide use as well as research needs to meet these goals are discussed.

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The Role of Weed Hosts and Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the Epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.573 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 573-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

R. L. Groves ◽

J. F. Walgenbach ◽

J. W. Moyer ◽

G. G. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Plant Species ◽

Vector Species ◽

Stellaria Media ◽

Sonchus Asper ◽

Perennial Plant ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Tobacco Thrips ◽

Wilt Virus

Wild plant species were systematically sampled to characterize reproduction of thrips, the vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and natural sources TSWV infection. Thrips populations were monitored on 28 common perennial, biennial, and annual plant species over two noncrop seasons at six field locations across North Carolina. Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum officianale consistently supported the largest populations of immature TSWV vector species. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was the most abundant TSWV vector species collected, comprising over 95% of vector species in each survey season. Perennial plant species (i.e., Plantago rugelii and Taraxacum officianale) were often only locally abundant, and many annual species (Cerastium vulgatum, Sonchus asper, and Stellaria media) were more widely distributed. Perennial species, including P. rugelii and Rumex crispus, remained TSWV infected for 2 years in a small-plot field test. Where these perennial species are locally abundant, they may serve as important and long-lasting TSWV inoculum sources. In random surveys across 12 locations in North Carolina, TSWV infection was documented by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 35 of 72 (49%) common perennial (N = 10), biennial (N = 4), and annual (N = 21) plant species across 18 plant families. Estimated rates of TSWV infection were highest in Cerastium vulgatum (4.2%), Lactuca scariola (1.3%), Molluga verticillata (4.3%), Plantago rugelii (3.4%), Ranunculus sardous (3.6%), Sonchus asper (5.1%), Stellaria media (1.4%), and Taraxacum officianale (5.8%). Nine plant species were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection, including Cardamine hirsuta, Eupatorium capillifolium, Geranium carolinianum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Linaria canadense, Molluga verticillata, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Triodanis perfoliata. Our findings document the relative potential of a number of common annual, biennial, and perennial plant species to act as important reproductive sites for F. fusca and as acquisition sources of TSWV for spread to susceptible crops.

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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps09-005.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 32-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David L. Jordan ◽

P. Dewayne Johnson ◽

Rick L. Brandenburg ◽

Joel Faircloth

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Commercial Fertilizer ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Biological Nitrogen ◽

Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

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Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-27-1-7 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. L. Jordan ◽

C. W. Swann ◽

A. S. Culpepper ◽

A. C. York

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Calcium Salt ◽

Market Value ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Prohexadione Calcium ◽

Concentrate Urea

Abstract Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.

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Influence of Digging Date on Yield and Gross Return of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars in North Carolina

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-25-1-12 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D. L. Jordan ◽

J. F. Spears ◽

G. A. Sullivan

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Balance Complex

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers must balance complex interactions among cultivars, planting dates, environmental and physiological stresses during the growing season, and weather conditions at harvest when determining when to dig peanut. Ten field experiments were conducted in North Carolina from 1994 through 1996 to determine the influence of digging date on pod yield and gross return of virginia-type peanut. Beginning in mid- to late September, the cultivars NC 9, NC 10C, NCV-11, VA-C 92R, AgraTech (AT) VC-1, and NC 12C were dug on four dates approximately 7 d apart. Considerable variation in pod yield and gross return was noted among cultivars and experiments. Delaying digging increased pod yield and gross return in some but not all experiments. Greater variation in pod yield and gross return was observed for NC 10C than for AT VC-1 when compared across digging dates. Pod yield and gross return for NC9, NC V-11, VA-C 92R, and NC 12C were intermediate between NC 10C and AT VC-1. Of the cultivars evaluated, yield and gross return of AT VC-1 were the most stable over digging dates. These data suggest that growers should evaluate maturity of peanut in individual fields for each cultivar when determining when to dig. These data also suggest that factors other than maturity impact pod yield and gross return.

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