scholarly journals Peanut Response to Seeding Density and Digging Date in the Virginia-Carolina Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
J.C. Oakes ◽  
M. Balota ◽  
D.L. Jordan ◽  
A.T. Hare ◽  
A. Sadeghpour
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

ABSTRACT Large-seeded virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are common in Virginia and North Carolina, but cost more to plant than runner market type peanut cultivars when the goal is to establish the same plant population. Decreasing seeding density could help growers to reduce production costs, as long as thinner stands do not negatively impact yield and economic return. Selecting the optimum digging time is a decision that could significantly influence growers' production and economics. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina at four site-year environments in 2016 and 2017 to examine the influence of seeding density (109, 143, 180, and 200 thousand seeds/ha) and digging date (130, 140, and 150 days after planting [DAP]) on virginia type peanut cultivar (Bailey, Sullivan, Wynne) performance. Regardless of cultivar and digging date, the greatest pod yield (5930 kg/ha) was achieved from the 200 thousand seeds/ha density, but the 143 thousand seeds/ha density had the highest economic return ($2990/ha). At three of the four site-years, the 140 DAP digging date, i.e. 1400 to 1600 C growing degree days (GDD), produced the greatest pod yield (5470 kg/ha) and had the highest economic return ($2750/ha). While individual site-years should be monitored for digging date, growers should be prepared to dig the currently available cultivars from 1400 to no more than 1600 C accumulated GDD.

Influence of Digging Date on Yield and Gross Return of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars in North Carolina

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
J. F. Spears ◽  
G. A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Balance Complex

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers must balance complex interactions among cultivars, planting dates, environmental and physiological stresses during the growing season, and weather conditions at harvest when determining when to dig peanut. Ten field experiments were conducted in North Carolina from 1994 through 1996 to determine the influence of digging date on pod yield and gross return of virginia-type peanut. Beginning in mid- to late September, the cultivars NC 9, NC 10C, NCV-11, VA-C 92R, AgraTech (AT) VC-1, and NC 12C were dug on four dates approximately 7 d apart. Considerable variation in pod yield and gross return was noted among cultivars and experiments. Delaying digging increased pod yield and gross return in some but not all experiments. Greater variation in pod yield and gross return was observed for NC 10C than for AT VC-1 when compared across digging dates. Pod yield and gross return for NC9, NC V-11, VA-C 92R, and NC 12C were intermediate between NC 10C and AT VC-1. Of the cultivars evaluated, yield and gross return of AT VC-1 were the most stable over digging dates. These data suggest that growers should evaluate maturity of peanut in individual fields for each cultivar when determining when to dig. These data also suggest that factors other than maturity impact pod yield and gross return.

scholarly journals Comparison of Virginia and Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars for Development, Disease, Yield Potential, and Grade Factors in Eastern Virginia

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balota ◽  
P. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Federal Support ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
High Yields ◽  
New Cultivars

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop in the Virginia-Carolina (VC) region. Virginia-type cultivars are preferred vs. other peanut types because of the in-shell and gourmet markets that evolved in the VC region around this peanut type. Reduced federal support coupled with increased production costs for the virginia-type peanut vs. other peanut types and recently higher fuel and pesticide prices are good reasons for farmers to consider growing other peanut types than virginia-type in the VC region. Earlier research suggested that runner-type peanut can provide yield, gross value, and economic return similar with virginia-type when grown in the VC region. However, direct comparison of runner and virginia-type cultivars needs to be updated as new cultivars become available. In this study we compared four runner-types with five virginia-type cultivars for plant development, disease incidence, pod yield, pod brightness, grade factors, and gross value in 2009 and 2010. In agreement with earlier findings, the results show that runner-types can provide similar gross returns with virginia-type peanut cultivars when grown in the northern VC region. Florida 07 runner and Bailey virginia-type, currently the most popular cultivars in the VC region, had high yields and gross values in both years. However, Florida 07 and other runners matured later and pods were less bright when compared with the virginia-types. Therefore, growing runners in the northern VC region may be challenging due shorter seasons and reduced pod brightness if peanut is used for in-shell markets.

scholarly journals Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Altom ◽  
R. B. Westerman ◽  
D. S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (>84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.

Effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the pattern of precision planted peanuts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxing Zhao ◽  
Changliang Shao ◽  
Zhenling Yang ◽  
Yuefu Wang ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
Growth Characters

Understanding the effects of different sowing patterns and densities on plant growth characters and yield of peanut is essential for the design and adjustment of management practices that allow improvement and stabilization of peanut production. In the present study, Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Luhua 11 was used to determine the effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the mode of single seeded precision sowing through field experiments. The results showed that an appropriate precision sowing density of 195,000-225,000 per hectare leads to an optimal pod number to produce pods, with dry matter accumulation resulting in significantly increased pod yield and harvest index(HI). When the same area sowing seed number of 255,000 per hectare, the kernel yield, pod yield, and HI per plant of the single seeded precision sowing method were higher than those of the double seeded precision sowing method.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

scholarly journals Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
C. W. Swann ◽  
A. S. Culpepper ◽  
A. C. York
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Concentrate Urea

Abstract Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutrient Management and Rice Establishment Methods on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Rice–Groundnut Cropping System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
T. K. Samant ◽  
◽  
L. M. Garnayak ◽  
R. K. Paikaray ◽  
K. N. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Pod Yield

The field experiments were conducted at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during rabi (November–March) seasons of 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 to evaluate direct and residual effect of nutrient management and rice establishment methods on phenology, growing degree days, growth, yield and economics of groundnut in rice–groundnut cropping system. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design with three replications. Carryover effect of direct seeding rice favourably influenced the succeeding groundnut crop as compared to that grown after transplanting which had superior growth parameters resulting in 25.7% higher pod yield, oil yield (1.24 t ha-1), gross return (` 136612.7 ha-1) and net return (` 63965.0 ha-1). Residual effect of organic management to preceding rice significantly increased growth, yield attributes, growing degree days at physiological maturity and net return, resulted in highest pod yield of 2.48 t ha-1 in groundnut which was at par with that grown after INM in rice, but was on an average, 17.0% higher than inorganic practice in rice. INM to groundnut increased yield parameters and economics of the crop resulting in 19.7 and 39.3% higher pod yields than 100% and 75% soil test based fertiliser, respectively. Hence, INM under direct seeding to kharif rice benefits the succeeding groundnut crop and direct application of 75% STBN (inorganic)+25% STBN (FYM)+0.2 LR+biofertilisers to groundnut proved beneficial for improving phenology, growing degree days, growth, yield and economics of groundnut in rice–groundnut cropping system.

Response of Peanut to PGR-IV™ Growth Regulator1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Field experiments in North Carolina in 1994 and 1995 determined virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to PGR-IV, a commercial hormonal growth regulator consisting of 30 mg/L of gibberellic acid, 27 mg/L of indolebutyric acid, and a proprietary fermentation broth. Treatments included PGR-IV applied once at 438 mL/ha 21, 45, 60, or 75 DAE (days after peanut emergence) or twice at 219 mL/ha at 21 and 45 DAE or 45 and 60 DAE. PGR-IV had no effect on peanut main stem or cotyledonary lateral branch length, yield, maturity, percentage of fancy pods, extra large kernels, or total sound mature kernels, or net returns.

Crop–weed competition studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Yadav ◽  
S. P. Singh ◽  
V. M. Bhan
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Crop Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Removal

SUMMARYField experiments were made during the rainy seasons of 1979 and 1980 at Hissar, India, to study the effect of time of weed removal on the yield of groundnut. Removing weeds from 2 to 8 weeks after sowing led to significantly larger yields than that of plots which were not weeded. Maximum pod yield in both years was obtained when weeds were removed 4 weeks after crop sowing.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Cyclanilide and Prohexadione Calcium

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
J. B. Beam ◽  
J. E. Lanier ◽  
S. H. Lancaster ◽  
P. D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Excessive growth of Virginia market-type peanut affects row visibility and pod yield of peanut. Ten experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North Carolina to compare peanut response to cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium applied at 50% row closure followed by a repeat application 2 wk later. Cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium increased row visibility in all experiments. Main stem height was shorter at the end of the season when cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium were applied compared with non-treated peanut in all experiments except one. Prohexadione calcium improved row visibility compared with cyclanilide in three experiments and equaled cyclanilide in seven experiments. Main stem height was similar following application of cyclanilide and prohexadione calcium in eight of the 10 experiments. When pooled over experiments, pod yield ranged from 4210 to 4480 kg/ha and did not differ between non-treated peanut and peanut treated with either plant growth regulator. However, prohexadione calcium did increase pod yield of peanut compared with cyclanilide. Results indicate that cyclanilide is not as effective as prohexadione calcium in managing peanut vine growth because of inconsistent enhancement of row visibility and possible negative impacts on pod yield.

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