Iron Deficiency Anemia Following Prenatal Nutrition Interventions

2007 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-225
Author(s):  
Caroline P. Leblanc ◽  
France M. Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Purpose: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy and infancy is still common in developed countries, especially in low-income groups. We examined the prevalence of anemia and IDA in healthy low-income pregnant women participating in the Early Childhood Initiatives (ECI) program, and in their infants when they reached six months of age. Methods: Pregnant women were recruited by nutritionists. In mothers, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin (SF) were measured at 36 ± 2 weeks of gestation. In infants, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, SF, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured at six months of age. Thirty-one mother-infant pairs participated. Results: Among the 31 pregnant women participating in the ECI program, six (19.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five (16.1%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L and SF <10 µg/L). Among infants, seven of 23 (30.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five of 23 (21.7%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L plus two of the following: TIBC >60 µmol/L, SF <10 µg/L, serum iron <5.3 µmol/L, TS ≤15%). Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia in this group of lowincome pregnant women is comparable to that in privileged women. The prevalence of IDA in infants is comparable to that observed in other high-risk groups. Effective strategies are needed to prevent IDA in vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals The overbearing physiological changes marring iron indices interpretation in response to iron therapy during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Chandrika N ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Iron Therapy ◽  
Deficiency Anemia

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is most common cause of anemia in pregnancy. In order to prevent this iron supplementation is routinely practiced as a prophylactic measure in pregnant women all over. The biochemical parameters assessed in IDA comprise an iron profile evaluation which consists of estimation of serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity(TIBC), serum transferrin levels and calculation of transferrin saturation. These biochemical parameters are subjected to variations due to maternal adaption phenomenon. Aim: In the current study we have chosen three iron indices, serum iron, serum TIBC and transferrin saturation percent to note their performance in diagnosing and monitoring the response to iron therapy in pregnant women. Methodology: The study population are thirty- six pregnant women in their early second trimester, who are diagnosed with mild iron deficiency anemia (Hemoglobin between 9 and 11 g %). Iron parameters, serum iron, serum TIBC and transferrin saturation levels were analyzed in these women. They are then given oral iron preparation in the form of Ferrous sulphate for a period of twelve weeks. After this the Hemoglobin level, serum iron, TIBC and transferrin saturation levels are re-analyzed in these women. Results: The hemoglobin levels increased (p= 0.002). as expected after oral iron intake. Serum iron levels improved from 58.19±39.07 to 64.78±34.96 μg/dl. Serum TIBC value before supplementation 234.22±134.49 increased to 437.33±94.95 after, which contradicts the expected pattern seen in response to therapy in general population. Similarly absurdity prevails in transferrin saturation index levels which dropped from 36.8 ± 31.8 to 16.3 ± 10.6. Conclusion: The iron status during pregnancy is highly influenced by the maternal changes. And a blind interpretation of the report can lead to erroneous diagnosis. The interpretation of values should be based on the trimester specific reference ranges during pregnancy.

Too Much of a Good Thing? Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis Due to Excessive Milk Intake Associated Anemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
Raquel Farias-Moeller ◽  
Sara Siddiqui ◽  
Megan Orr ◽  
Lileth Mondok
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis ◽  
Sinovenous Thrombosis

Introduction: In young children, excessive cow’s milk intake causes iron-deficiency anemia, which is associated with hypercoagulable states. We present a case series of 4 toddlers with excessive milk intake iron-deficiency anemia and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 4 patients was performed for patients with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis and iron-deficiency anemia secondary to excessive milk intake. Iron-deficiency anemia was defined as hemoglobin <11 mg/dL, mean corpuscular volume <70 fL, and serum ferritin <12 μg/L. Excessive milk intake was defined as consumption of >24 oz daily. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features were reviewed. Results: Age ranged from 12 to 24 months. Average hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and ferritin levels were 6.1 g/dL, 22.7 g/dL, 52.7 fL, and 3.2 ng/mL, respectively. Daily milk consumption ranged from 40 to 60 oz. All patients presented with focal neurologic deficits, including seizures in 3. The location of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis varied, and 3 patients had venous infarcts, one of them hemorrhagic. All patients had a limited diet and were described as “picky eaters” by their parents, and only 1 had transitioned of a bottle. All patients were treated with anticoagulation, iron supplementation, and extensive dietary counseling to reduce cow’s milk intake. Conclusion: Iron-deficiency anemia due to excessive milk intake is an important and preventable etiology of pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. Focused anticipatory guidance is necessary for at-risk groups to prevent this neurologic emergency.

scholarly journals Prevalence and causes of iron deficiency anemias in infants aged 9 to 12 months in Estonia

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neve Vendt ◽  
Heli Grünberg ◽  
Sirje Leedo ◽  
Vallo Tillmann ◽  
Tiina Talvik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
Ferritin Concentration

Objective. To investigate the prevalence and causes of iron deficiency anemia in infants aged 9 to 12 months in Estonia. Material and methods. Every second child aged 9–12 months was randomly selected from primary medical centers in seven counties from all over Estonia. A questionnaire concerning eating habits and lifestyle was sent to their parents. Sixty-five percent (n=195) of contacted families agreed to participate in the study. Mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor levels were measured in 171 infants. Anemia was defined when hemoglobin level was lower than 105 g/L, and iron deficiency when ferritin level and mean corpuscular volume were lower than 12 µg/L and 74 fL, respectively. Results. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 14.0% and iron deficiency anemia 9.4%. Birthweight less than 3000 g was the main risk factor for iron deficiency (OR=9.4; P<0.0005). Infants fed with breast milk and solid food had lower ferritin concentration (18.5 µg/L, 95% CI 14.0–23.0) than infants fed with formula and solid food (32.8 µg/L, 95% CI 26.6–39) (P<0.005). Conclusion. Iron deficiency anemia is common among 9–12-month-old Estonian infants. The main risk factor for iron deficiency was birthweight less than 3000 g.

scholarly journals Prediction of Iron Deficiency by Red Cell Distribution Width, Mean Corpuscular Volume and Haemoglobin Concentration in Pregnant Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Gazi Sharmin Sultana ◽  
Syed Aminul Haque ◽  
Farzana Akonjee Mishu ◽  
Md MA Muttalib ◽  
Md Quddusur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Latent Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Profile

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a routine parameter in fully automated hematology auto analyzer, can give the idea of iron deficiency before haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in early iron deficiency or latent stage. Patient can be benefited by doing complete blood count including RDW for the diagnosis of early iron deficiency as a cheaper test than iron profile. This study was aimed to predict early iron deficiency by RDW, mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin concentration in pregnant women. Methods: In this study, 190 pregnant women were included from Gynae and Obstetric outdoor of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from august 2008-2009. Complete blood count including haemoglobin percentage, mean corpuscular volume and RDW and iron profile were done. RDW was compared with haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume in various stages of iron deficiency. Results: RDW was more significant than haemoglobin concentration in latent iron deficiency when haemoglobin level was normal (p<0.05). In mild and moderate iron deficiency anemia, RDW was increased progressively though haemoglobin level was reduced. RDW was more significant than mean corpuscular volume level in latent iron deficiency, mild and moderate iron deficiency anemia. The difference of mean corpuscular volume and RDW was statistically significant (p<0.05) in latent iron deficiency, mild iron deficiency anaemia and moderate iron deficiency anaemia (p value of 0.001, 0.001 and 0.011). In this study RDW had sensitivity 82.3% and specificity 97.4%. haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume had sensitivity 56.6% and 29.2 % and specificity 90.9% and 98.7 % respectively. Based on the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves RDW had the best area (0.925) under curve compared to haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. Conclusion: Latent iron deficiency without other existing disease like haemoglobinopathy, early folate / vit B12 deficiency could be predicted early by increased RDW when haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume were normal. Birdem Med J 2019; 9(2): 111-116

scholarly journals Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in Pregnant Women of Different Ages in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atta Ullah ◽  
Ali Muhammad Yousafzai ◽  
Gul Nabi Khan ◽  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Bashir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Hb Concentration

Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out the incidence of anemia in pregnant women of Swat District; to analyze the iron variations and its dietary effects.Data were collected during the periods of January &ndash; September 2016. The study of samples comprised of 250 pregnant women in the different trimester. Blood sample from each woman was collected and full blood count (FBC) was conducted through Mindray BC-3000 plus hem analyzer for all pregnant individuals. Confirmed anemic cases were then examined for IDA with serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) through Randox kit and serum transferrin saturation was estimated by formula (serum ferritin saturation =serum iron &times;100/TIBC). The total number of participants in the first trimester were 50, among them 26 women were suffer from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with 52% weightage of prevalence rate, (mean Hb concentration 9.602 &plusmn; 0.87 g/dl). The rates of IDA were 63.3%; ( mean Hb concentration 8.48 &plusmn; 1.24 g/dl) and 54%; ( mean Hb concentration 9.18 &plusmn; 1.28 g/dl), among 150 and 50 participants in the second and third trimester, respectively. A significant correlation was found between serum ferritin and Hb, serum ferritin against MCV and serum ferritin against MCH. The high prevalence of anemia was found 78.2% in the age group from 26-30 followed by 78.2% in the age group 36-40 years compared to those of other age groups in the second trimester. In this study the prevalence of IDA in third trimester is lower compared to first and second trimester.

scholarly journals Predicting the risk of anemia in pregnant women with different somatotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Tatiana I. Tsidaeva ◽  
Kristina G. Tomaeva ◽  
Sergey N. Gaidukov ◽  
Nikolai N. Rukhliada ◽  
Aida A. Cheldieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Latent Iron Deficiency

The aim of the study: to study the frequency of anemia in pregnant women with different somatotypes and to develop a model for predicting the risk of this pathology. Materials and methods. 390 women were examined. Of the women studied 110 were mаcrosomatotype, 173 mesosomatotype, and 107 microsomatotype. Somatometry was performed according to R.N. Dorokhov for women in early pregnancy (before 910 weeks of gestation). In blood test the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit is determined using the Medonic M-series hematological automatic analyzer. Serum iron levels were determined colorimetrically with ferrosine. Serum ferritin levels were determined spectrophotometrically using ELISA methods. Results. It was found that iron deficiency anemia was significantly more common in pregnant women of macro-and microsomatic body type compared to women with mesosomatotypes (p 0.05). Pregnant women with severe anemia were not found. There were iron deficiency anemia of mild and moderate severity, and latent iron deficiency. Hematological parameters (hematocrit, serum iron, serum ferritin) were significantly lower in pregnant women with latent iron deficiency compared to women without anemia (p 0.05). Using multiple regression analysis, we obtained the regression equation (formula), which predicts the development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of different somatotypes. Conclusions. The calculations according to the presented formula, allows to predict with high accuracy the prognosis of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women, and also allows to form among patients a high-risk group for the development of this disease in the first trimester of pregnancy when the pregnant woman is registered in the womens consultation, which will contribute to more effective implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures to prevent the development of this pathology.

Known facts: iron deficiency in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Child Cognitive Development ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

More than half cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency. Anemia is a major and global public health problem that affects maternal and child mortality, child cognitive development and eventually productivity. Infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy are particularly at risk. Indonesia is a low middle country with the prevalence of anemia as high as 48.9% in pregnant women and 38.5% in children under 5 years old. It is even higher among adolescents aged 12-18 years, especially in rural areas. Low income and level of education seem to also contribute to iron deficiency. Indonesia government aims to prevent anemia in young and pregnant women by providing iron pills. Still, the etiology of anemia in Indonesia is various and many elements are preventing Indonesia women to consume pills and/or iron-rich foods. We aim to review the prevalence, risk factors associated with iron deficiency especially among women of reproductive age in Indonesia, including the socio-determinant influence on iron deficiency. We will also discuss the management of iron deficiency in Indonesia in comparison with international guideline to identify the potential gaps.

scholarly journals Sequential Changes in Erythrocyte Volume Distribution and Microcytosis Associated with Iron Deficiency in Kittens

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Weiser ◽  
G. J. Kociba
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Erythrocyte Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adult Cats

Hemograms, erythrocyte volume distribution curves, serum iron and percent transferrin saturation determinations were done on samples from 50 kittens to characterize feline erythrocytic responses between one and ten weeks of age. At one week of age, all kittens had marked macrocytosis and anisocytosis. Most of the macrocytic cells no longer were present by five weeks. Macrocytes were replaced by erythrocytes of normal volume in 30% of the kittens. At five weeks of age, 70%of the kittens had produced microcytic cells which correlated with significantly lower packed cell volume values (p < 0.02) and mean corpuscular volume values (p < 0.001). By seven weeks of age, kittens with microcytosis were producing normocytic erythrocytes. Between two and four weeks of age, kittens with microcytosis had significantly lower serum iron and percent transferrin saturation values (p < 0.01) compared to kittens without microcytosis. Between five and seven weeks of age, all kittens had very high iron values which were significantly greater than those of healthy adult cats (p < 0.01). Six kittens with low iron values received an iron dextran injection at two to three weeks of age. At five weeks, these kittens had significantly greater mean corpuscular volumes, packed cell volumes (p < 0.01) and lower percentage of microcytic cells (p < 0.001) than littermate controls. These data demonstrate that transient microcytosis and anemia observed in kittens is attributable to iron deficiency. It also was demonstrated that erythrocyte volume distribution curves were more sensitive than the mean corpuscular volume in detecting microcytosis in kittens.

A National Survey of Iron and Folate Status in Pregnant Women in Switzerland

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Y. Hess ◽  
Michael B. Zimmermann ◽  
Silvia Brogli ◽  
Richard F. Hurrell
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Folate Status ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia ◽  
Low Serum

Women often do not meet the increased iron and folate needs of pregnancy. Maternal iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes, including preterm delivery and low birth weight. Poor folate status increases risk for maternal anemia, spontaneous abortion, and congenital defects. Because of this, supplemental iron and folate are often recommended during pregnancy. There are few data on iron and folate status in pregnant women in Switzerland. We measured iron and folate status in a national sample of Swiss pregnant women, estimated the prevalence of anemia, and determined if supplement use is associated with iron and/or folate status in this group. A 3-stage probability to size cluster sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of pregnant women (n = 381) in the second and third trimester. We measured hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and serum folate and ferritin concentrations. Serum transferrin receptor concentration was determined in anemic subjects. The use of iron and folate supplements was evaluated by questionnaire. Mean hemoglobin (± SD) in the sample was 123 g/L (± 1.0). The prevalence of anemia was 6%. Of the 21 anemic women, 11 were iron-deficient, giving an iron-deficiency anemia prevalence of 3%. Nineteen percent of women had low serum ferritin concentrations (< 12 ug/L) and 4% had low serum folate concentrations (< 2.5 ug/L). Supplements containing iron were taken by 65% of women, and 63% were taking folate-containing supplements. Women in the second and third trimester taking folate-containing supplements had significantly higher serum folate concentrations compared to those not taking a folate supplement (p < 0.001). In the third trimester, women taking iron-containing supplements had significantly higher serum ferritin concentrations compared to those not taking an iron-containing supplement (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that iron and folate status appears to be adequate in the majority of pregnant women in Switzerland, and that use of iron and folate supplements may have a positive impact on status.

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