scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Cervical Spinal Cord in Neonatal Piglet: In Vitro

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Anita Singh ◽  
Anita Singh ◽  
Rachel Magee ◽  
Sriram Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Biomechanical Behavior ◽  
Injury Mechanisms

The response of neonatal spinal cord tissue to tensile loading is not well-studied. In this study, isolated fresh neonatal cervical spinal cord samples, obtained from twelve 2-4 days old piglets, were tested in uniaxial tension at a rate of 500 mm/min until failure. Maximum load, maximum stress, percentage strain at maximum stress and modulus of elasticity were reported to be 14.6±3.4 N, 0.34±0.11 MPa, 29.3±5.4% and 1.52±0.8 MPa, respectively. These data can help understand the biomechanical behavior of the spinal cord in neonates and can be further used in computational modeling to understand injury mechanisms better and help develop injury prevention strategies.

Biodegradable parallel and porous HSPG/collagen scaffolds for the in vitro culture of NSCs for the spinal cord tissue engineering

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yansong Wang ◽  
Changwei Zhou ◽  
Meng Yao ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Yugang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Collagen Scaffolds

scholarly journals Fully Characterized Mature Human iPS- and NMP-Derived Motor Neurons Thrive Without Neuroprotection in the Spinal Contusion Cavity

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary T. Olmsted ◽  
Cinzia Stigliano ◽  
Brandon Marzullo ◽  
Jose Cibelli ◽  
Philip J. Horner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cord Injury

Neural cell interventions in spinal cord injury (SCI) have focused predominantly on transplanted multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) for animal research and clinical use due to limited information on survival of spinal neurons. However, transplanted NSPC fate is unpredictable and largely governed by injury-derived matrix and cytokine factors that are often gliogenic and inflammatory. Here, using a rat cervical hemicontusion model, we evaluate the survival and integration of hiPSC-derived spinal motor neurons (SMNs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). SMNs and OPCs were differentiated in vitro through a neuromesodermal progenitor stage to mimic the natural origin of the spinal cord. We demonstrate robust survival and engraftment without additional injury site modifiers or neuroprotective biomaterials. Ex vivo differentiated neurons achieve cervical spinal cord matched transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, meeting functional electrophysiology parameters prior to transplantation. These data establish an approach for ex vivo developmentally accurate neuronal fate specification and subsequent transplantation for a more streamlined and predictable outcome in neural cell-based therapies of SCI.

In vitro mechanical evaluation and comparison of two crimping devices for securing monofilament nylon and multifilament polyethylene for use in extracapsular stabilization of the canine stifle

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 466-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Barnhart ◽  
A. J. Kazanovicz ◽  
S. J. Naber ◽  
K. C. Maritato
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Loading ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Absorbable Suture ◽  
Cruciate Ligaments ◽  
Suture Materials ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Testing Group

SummaryObjective: To compare the tensile strength and stiffness of non-absorbable suture loops created with two types of crimping devices.Methods: Loops of monofilament nylon leader line (MN) of 18 kg, 36 kg, and 45 kg multifilament polyethylene (MP) with a crimp and MP with a crimp and knot were mechanically tested to failure in quasistatic tensile loading after being created with either a wave pattern crimp device or three applications of a single crimp device. Each testing group consisted of five samples. Tensile loading to failure at a rate of 9.5 mm/s was used. Failure was defined as a sudden drop in the recorded force.Results: All suture materials failed by breaking near the crimp tube with both crimp devices, with exception of the MP without knot, which slipped through the crimp tube using both devices. Sutures secured with the wave pattern crimping device were significantly stronger with a higher load yield, maximum load, displacement yield, failure displacement, and maximum displacement than the single crimp device. Loops of MP suture crimped by either device plus the addition of a surgeon's knot resulted in a significantly stronger construct than unknotted crimped MP constructs. Crimped MP combined with knot were significantly stiffer, but not stronger, than crimped 45 kg MN.Clinical significance: Performing extra- capsular repair for ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments with the wave pattern crimp system may result in lower failure rates due to the construct being significantly stronger than the single crimp system.

Intravenous Morphine Increases Release of Nitric Oxide From Spinal Cord by an α-Adrenergic and Cholinergic Mechanism

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2072-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemin Xu ◽  
Chuanyao Tong ◽  
Hui-Lin Pan ◽  
Sergio E. Cerda ◽  
James C. Eisenach
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanism ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Opioid Administration ◽  
Intravenous Morphine

Xu, Zemin, Chuanyao Tong, Hui-Lin Pan, Sergio E. Cerda, and James C. Eisenach. Intravenous morphine increases release of nitric oxide from spinal cord by an α-adrenergic and cholinergic mechanism. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2072–2078, 1997. Systemic opioids produce analgesia in part by activating bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways. Spinally released norepinephrine (NE) has been suggested to produce analgesia in part by stimulating α2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic spinal interneurons to release acetylcholine (ACh). We hypothesized that this spinally released ACh would stimulate synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), and that spinally released NO after intravenous (IV) opioid injection thus would depend on a cascade of noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor stimulation. To test these hypotheses, IV morphine was administered to anesthetized sheep, and neurotransmitters in dorsal horn interstitial fluid were measured by microdialysis. IV morphine increased NE and ACh in dorsal horn microdialysates, and these increases were inhibited by IV naloxone or cervical spinal cord transection. IV morphine also increased dorsal horn microdialysate concentrations of nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO. Increases in NE, ACh, and nitrite were antagonized by prior intrathecal injection of the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan, the muscarinic antagonist atropine, or the NO synthase inhibitor N-methyl-l-arginine (NMLA). To examine the concentration-dependent effects of spinal adrenergic stimulation, isolated rat spinal cord tissue was perfused with the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Clonidine increased nitrite in the spinal cord tissue perfusate, an effect blocked by coadministration of idazoxan, atropine, and NMLA. These data support a previously hypothesized cascade of spinally released NE and ACh after systemic opioid administration. These data also suggest that spinally released NO plays a role in the analgesic effects of systemic opioids. In addition, these data imply a positive feedback whereby spinally released nitric oxide increases NE release and that has not previously been described.

scholarly journals Ketogenesis controls mitochondrial gene expression and rescues mitochondrial bioenergetics after cervical spinal cord injury in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Seira ◽  
Kathleen Kolehmainen ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Femke Streijger ◽  
Anne Haegert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Neuroprotective Strategies ◽  
Atp Generation ◽  
Specific Receptors

AbstractA better understanding of the secondary injury mechanisms that occur after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is essential for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies linked to the restoration of metabolic deficits. We and others have shown that Ketogenic diet (KD), a high fat, moderate in proteins and low in carbohydrates is neuroprotective and improves behavioural outcomes in rats with acute SCI. Ketones are alternative fuels for mitochondrial ATP generation, and can modulate signaling pathways via targeting specific receptors. Here, we demonstrate that ad libitum administration of KD for 7 days after SCI rescued mitochondrial respiratory capacity, increased parameters of mitochondrial biogenesis, affected the regulation of mitochondrial-related genes, and activated the NRF2-dependent antioxidant pathway. This study demonstrates that KD improves post-SCI metabolism by rescuing mitochondrial function and supports the potential of KD for treatment of acute SCI in humans.

scholarly journals Pathological and Molecular Biological Features of a Myelopathy Associated with HTLV-1 Infection

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Power ◽  
Brian G. Weinshenker ◽  
Gregory A. Dekaban ◽  
John C.E. Kaufmann ◽  
Maureen Shandling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Lymphocytic Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain

ABSTRACT:We report the pathological and molecular biological findings of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection of the spinal cord in a patient with a chronic progressive myelopathy. Light microscopy disclosed loss of myelin and axons, thickening of blood vessels and a lymphocytic cell infiltrate in the spinal cord especially at the cervical and thoracic levels. Electron microscopy confirmed the vascuolar appearance seen with light microscopy but virus particles were not observed. The HTLV-1 gag gene could be amplified (by polymerase chain reaction) from cervical spinal cord tissue while not from elsewhere in the neuroaxis. The presence of HTLV-1 geonomic material in spinal cord tissue has not been previously reported.

scholarly journals Region-specific Differentiation Potential of Adult Rat Spinal Cord Neural Stem/Precursors and Their Plasticity in Response to In Vitro Manipulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Kulbatski ◽  
Charles H. Tator
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Lumbar Cord

This study characterized the differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) isolated from different levels of the spinal cord (cervical vs lumbar cord) and different regions along the neuraxis (brain vs cervical spinal cord) of adult male Wistar enhanced green fluorescent protein rats. The differentiation of cervical spinal cord NSPCs was further examined after variation of time in culture, addition of growth factors, and changes in cell matrix and serum concentration. Brain NSPCs did not differ from cervical cord NSPCs in the percentages of neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes but produced 26.9% less radial glia. Lumbar cord NSPCs produced 30.8% fewer radial glia and 6.9% more neurons compared with cervical cord NSPCs. Spinal cord NSPC differentiation was amenable to manipulation by growth factors and changes in in vitro conditions. This is the first study to directly compare the effect of growth factors, culturing time, serum concentration, and cell matrix on rat spinal cord NSPCs isolated, propagated, and differentiated under identical conditions. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:405–423, 2009)

scholarly journals The CatWalk XT® Gait Analysis Is Closely Correlated with Tissue Damage after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4097
Author(s):  
Guoli Zheng ◽  
Alexander Younsi ◽  
Moritz Scherer ◽  
Lennart Riemann ◽  
Johannes Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Consistent Assessment

Objective and consistent assessment of locomotion recovery remains challenging in rodent spinal cord injury (SCI). We, therefore, studied the validity and relevance of the CatWalk XT® gait analysis as a tool for assessing functional outcome in a clinically relevant cervical SCI model in rats. In total, 20 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to either a C6 clip compression/contusion SCI or a sham laminectomy. Locomotion recovery was assessed weekly using the CatWalk XT® gait analysis and the BBB open field score. Six weeks after SCI, the percentage of preserved spinal cord tissue was measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the correlation of the BBB and the percentage of preserved tissue with 30 different CatWalk XT® parameters. SCI caused a bilateral and significant functional impairment in all studied CatWalk XT® parameters. Similar to the BBB, a significant spontaneous recovery could be observed in most of the CatWalk XT® parameters in the following weeks. Correlation between the hindlimb CatWalk XT® parameters and the BBB was good (53% of r values > 0.6) while the correlation between the forelimb and the hindlimb CatWalk XT® parameters and the percentage of preserved tissue was even stronger (83% of r values > 0.6). The CatWalk XT® gait analysis is closely correlated with tissue damage after cervical contusion/compression SCI and can be used as an objective and consistent tool for assessing locomotion recovery.

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