scholarly journals COW HOUSING UNDER SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS OF MILK PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1(82)) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
E. Tomashevsky ◽  
R. Varpikhovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
Technological Regime ◽  
Ventilation Control ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Hygienic Conditions

It is established that in the stall period (November - March) the microclimate of the cowshed is 4.0 points, which complies with the engineering design conditions, to improve the parameters it is necessary to optimize the conditions regarding the concentration of harmful gases in the air and microbial contamination. Well-timed faeces disposal and air ventilation control will optimize these parameters. It is proven that the thermal balance of the building depends on the created conditions of comfortable keeping of cows and their number in the building, as well as heat loss through the enclosing structures: gates, windows, ceiling, floor and walls, the thermal balance in the cowshed is made for the outside temperature of (-4,3 ° С). Since sanitary and hygienic conditions of cow housing do not meet the optimal design and technological regime, and the amount of microorganisms in the air of the room is above norm and negatively affects the health of cattle, it is necessary to implement integrated elements of technology in the process of commercial milk production and rationalize the schedule while maintaining standards of technological design.

Optimal Design With a Monomial-Based Version of Newton’s Method

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Design Optimization ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Newton’S Method ◽  
Newton's Method ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
System Of Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Engineering Design Optimization

Abstract A monomial-based method for solving systems of algebraic nonlinear equations is presented. The method uses the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality to construct a system of monomial equations that approximates the system of nonlinear equations. This “monomial method” is closely related to Newton’s method, yet exhibits many special properties not shared by Newton’s method that enhance performance. These special properties are discussed in relation to engineering design optimization.

Robust-Satisficing in Engineering Design

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakov Ben-Haim
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Inequality Constraints ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Severe Uncertainty

Hammurabi’s Code of Law imposed extreme penalties for design failures, providing strong incentives for ancient engineers to meet design specs. Engineers today still bear legal liability for design failure, though less severely than in ancient Babylonia. Why does the engineering profession commonly specify performance requirements as inequality constraints, rather than specifying constrained-optimal design? To “satisfice” means to “meet expectations or specifications”. Why do engineers satisfice rather than optimize performance requirements? The answer we present is based on design in the face of severe uncertainty. We use info-gap decision theory to formulate a design strategy: robust-satisficing. We discuss the relation between robust-satisficing and min-maxing, and we discuss a simple example.

Interannual and geographical reproducibility of the nutritional quality of milk fat from commercial grazing flocks

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mailo Virto ◽  
Marian Bustamante ◽  
Juan Carlos Ruiz de Gordoa ◽  
Gustavo Amores ◽  
Paula N. Fernández-Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Production Conditions

The objective of the present work was to study the differences in the fatty acid (FA) composition of raw sheep milk fat under commercial milk production conditions throughout lactation, in two consecutive years. Particular attention was placed on the C18:2cis-9,trans-11 isomer, C18:1trans-11 acid, and unsaturated FA as the feeding regimen of 10 commercial flocks of latxa dairy sheep changed from indoor feeding to part-time grazing conditions (from early spring) as traditionally practiced in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Farms located at an altitude of between 600 and 700 m, in two different geographical areas with different rainfall were selected. Milk samples were collected monthly from late January (indoor feeding) until mid-, or end of, June (outdoor feeding), during two consecutive years. In spite of some interannual variability (most likely due to large differences in rainfall), the evolution of individual FA throughout lactation was comparable between years, indicating that it was reproducible under commercial milk production conditions. The average concentrations of C18:2cis-9,trans-11 isomer and C18:1trans-11 acid in milk from the commercial flocks increased about 200% during the transition period (end of March or early April until May), from indoor feeding (late January or early February until the end of March) to the outdoor period (early May to mid-June), remaining constant during the outdoor period (27·53 ± 9·32 μmol/g fat and 71·58 ± 20·53 μmol/g fat, respectively). Non-atherogenic FA comprised approximately 50% of all saturated FA at any time during lactation, whereas the milk atherogenicity index decreased significantly during the outdoor period. The Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity of the water-soluble milk fraction did not appear to be influenced by feeding management. The FA composition of cheeses made during the second year with milk from the indoor or outdoor periods reflected those of the corresponding milks. A principal components analysis clearly showed that differences in the milk FA composition were primarily due to outdoor grazing, with very little contribution from the geographical zone or the year.

Optimal Design for Roller Motion Track of Tire Building Machine

2011 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 478-483
Author(s):  
Zhao Ming Meng ◽  
Ya Bo Qiao ◽  
C. Ren
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Ideal Curve ◽  
Section Curve ◽  
Design Result

at present, the product quality that tire building machine presses tire is not ideal. The phenomenon that the tread isn’t pressed solidly often appears. Through analysis, the main reasons of this problem are those the actual rolling curve doesn’t accord with ideal curve enough, and roller pressure is unstable, pressure fluctuations are large. Therefore, ensuring the basic structure of institution is unchanged, this paper adopts optimization technique to calculate the size of planar linkage institutions and determine the best design result. It makes the moving point from the planar linkage institutions accord with tire section curve best. The article cites example of the engineering design, demonstrating the superiority of the new design method fully.

On the Use of Active Learning in Engineering Design

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ren ◽  
Panos Y. Papalambros
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Test Problems ◽  
Automate Design ◽  
Demand Models

Active learning refers to the mechanism of querying users to accomplish a classification task in machine learning or a conjoint analysis in econometrics with minimum cost. Classification and conjoint analysis have been introduced to design research to automate design feasibility checking and to construct marketing demand models, respectively. In this paper, we review active learning algorithms from computer and marketing science, and establish the mathematical commonality between the two approaches. We compare empirically the performance of active learning and static D-optimal design on simulated classification and conjoint analysis test problems with labelling noise. Results show that active learning outperforms D-optimal design when query size is large or noise is small.

Prediction of responses in milk constituents to changes in the nutrition of dairy cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lang Tran ◽  
C. Lewis Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Production Dynamic

SummaryMilk quotas, based on an average fat content, severely limit milk production on UK farms. Predictions of the time-course of lactation are incorporated into most computerized herd management programs but these models take no account of food inputs, body weight change or milk composition. Dynamic models are generally used to simulate metabolic pathways and, as such, have little direct relevance to commercial milk production. Dynamic models can be converted to an adaptive-predictive model that partitions food energy into milk and non-milk constituents. This paper reports the development of an adaptive-predictive model to partition food into milk and non-milk components. Additional functions further partition milk energy into the principal constituents, fat, protein and lactose.

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