scholarly journals Prognosis of the fetal distress in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders and hyperhomocyteinemia

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
N. A. Gaistruk ◽  
O. O. Mazchenko ◽  
A. N. Gaistruk ◽  
I.V. Prolygina ◽  
S.A. Tarasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Placental Function ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
Distress Symptoms ◽  
Metabolic Action ◽  
Positive Results

In the article the reisapresentation of mathematical prediction of fetal distress in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders and hyperhomocyteinemia. In the basis of the model, the factors that significantly affect the chance of an unfavorable course of pregnancy for a given group of women. The clinical significance of the prediction is necessary for the formation of a differentiated approach to the management of pregnancy, depending on the probability of perinatal complications resulting from the application of the model. The most important role belongs to the detection of factors, which preceding development distress of fatus and are accompanied by the presence of extragenital diseases and patology of pregnancy. All of these factors should be known, when evaluated prenatal fetal condition, placental function, determination of laboratory-instrumental research methods for pregnancy with hypertensive disorders. Based on the results of the research, the algorithm of examination of the pregnant women with fetus distress symptoms was created. Parametric criteria are described for the diagnosis of fetal distress based on the determination of the level of homocysteine and oxidative modifection of protein in the blood of pregnant women. The original metod of forecasting the development of the fetal distress in pregnant women with hypertension is proposed. The use of drugs with metabolic action has led to credibly positive results, namely the reduction of the incidence of fetal distress, asphyxiation of newborns and prenatal morbidity and mortality. As a result of this we can see an improvement in reproductive health of women with hypertensive disorders.

PERINATAL ASPECTS OF PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH ON THE BACKGROUND OF VITAMIN D LACK IN PREGNANT WOMEN

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 2585-2587
Author(s):  
Vitaliy V. Maliar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Test System ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pregnancy And Delivery

The aim: To study the features of the course of gestation and perinatal outcomes of delivery in women with vitamin D lack. Materials and methods: The article presents the results of studies of the characteristics of the course of pregnancy and delivery outcomes in 50 patients with vitamin D lack compared with a group of 50 somatically healthy pregnant women with normal level of 25 (OH) D. In order to establish a lack of vitamin D in pregnant women in the 10-12, 20-22, 30-32 weeks of gestation electrochemiluminiscence method by using a test system EURIMMUN (Germany) in the blood serum level of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25 (OH) D) in pregnant women. Results: When analyzing the structure of complications in women with vitamin D lack during pregnancy and childbirth we found out that risk of premature birth and premature births dominated among all the complications, respectively (58.0% and 36.0%) against (12.0% and 16.0%), p <0.05. Vitamin D lack in pregnant women is often associated with a wide range of obstetric and perinatal complications, namely: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, bacterial vaginosis , premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption, abnormal labor activity, fetal distress that required delivery by Caesarean section. Conclusions: An analysis of the course of pregnancy and childbirth in women of thematic groups proved the expediency of an individual approach to the therapy of obstetric pathology among women with vitamin D lack. Despite the level of 25 (OH) D in the blood serum of a pregnant woman of 30 ng / ml and below, it is advisable to prescribe vitamin D for prophylaxes and treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in mother and fetus.

Pregnancy after influenza in the first trimester

2018 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
V.V. Kaminskyi ◽  
◽  
O.I. Zhdanovich ◽  
T.V. Kolomiychenko ◽  
A.D. Derkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Placental Dysfunction ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

The endpoint of the negative impact of adverse processes in the mother’s body with influenza is the formation of placental insufficiency, the basis of which is a violation of the uteroplacental blood flow. The objective: to study the features of the course of pregnancy, the state of the fetus and the newborn after the influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and methods. 120 women who had the influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy were examined. In 68 (56.7%) pregnant women signs of feto-placental dysfunction were observed, 2 groups were distinguished: the main group - 68 patients with feto-placental dysfunction, the comparison group – 52 pregnant women without signs of feto-placental insufficiency. Results. 3 times more often than women without manifestations of placental insufficiency (42.6% versus 15.4%; p<0.05) a severe course of influenza was observed, it accompanied by a high frequency of clinical manifestations, including in almost all patients (95.6% versus 67.3%; p<0.05), body temperature rose to 38 °C and higher, and in 61.7% of women it stayed for 4–6 days (versus 11.5%; p<0.05). Among the complications of influenza: bronchitis (25.0% versus 9.3%; p<0.05), pneumonia (17.6% versus 5.7%; p<0.05), sinusitis (17.6% versus 7.7%; p<0.05). The threat of abortion was noted in 57.4% of cases, the threat of preterm birth was observed in 39.7% of women. Most often, placental dysfunction was associated with fetal distress (76.5% versus 13.5%; p<0.05) and growth retardation (54.4% versus 3.8%; p<0.05). 32.4% versus 13.5% of women had preeclampsia (p<0.05). The frequency of both polyhydramnios (17.6%) and low water (10.3%) is significantly higher. By cesarean section, 35.3% women were delivered (versus 15.4%, (p<0.05). Delivery was preterm in 17.6% of women versus 7.7% (p<0.05). Premature discharge of amniotic fluid (17.6%) and pathological blood loss during childbirth (16.2%), fetal distress during childbirth (48.5% versus 9.6%; p<0.05) were noted. Maternal placental dysfunction, fetal distress, prematurity (17.6%) and malnutrition (22.1%) led to a high incidence of birth asphyxia (46.5% versus 19.2%, p <0.05). Half (51.5%) of children had disadaptation syndromes, most often neurological disorders (32.4% versus 11.5%; p<0.05) and respiratory disorders (27.9% versus 7.7%; p<0.05). Conclusion. Influenza in early pregnancy with a severe course and a high frequency of complications is associated with a high frequency of feto-placental dysfunction and other obstetric and perinatal complications, which requires a more detailed study to determine risk factors and develop tactics for managing this category of pregnant women. Keywords: pregnancy, influenza, feto-placental dysfunction, obstetric and perinatal complications, newborn.

Fetus arrest of development at prematurely born pregnancy: diagnostics and prophylaxis of perinatal pathology

2017 ◽  
pp. 124-126
Author(s):  
V.I. Boyko ◽  
◽  
O.I. Butenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Perinatal Pathology ◽  
Fetoplacental Complex ◽  
Adaptive Agent ◽  
Threatened Abortion ◽  
Early Preterm Birth ◽  
Structural Mechanisms

The objective: to reduce the frequency of perinatal complications at pregnant women with a fetus arrest of development the pregnant at prematurely born pregnancy by improvement of the main diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic actions. Patients and methods. prospective research was conducted, we surveyed 120 patients, among which 90 pregnant women with syndrome of an arrest of development of a fetus who were divided by method of casual choice into two groups. Results. The use of the proposed treatment and preventive methods in pregnant women with premature birth at FGR allowed to significantly reduce the incidence of threatened abortion and placental dysfunction 1.3 times, genital tract disorders microbiocenosis 1.4 times, premature rupture of membranes by 1.4 times, the severity FGR syndrome 1.6 times, fetal distress is 1.3 times, 1.2 times of the COP, severe asphyxia in 3 times, intra-amniotic infection is 1.5 times, to change the structure of preterm birth (to prevent early preterm birth in 22–28 weeks). The overall incidence of infants in the early neonatal period, these pregnant women was significantly reduced by 1.3 times (p<0.05), but there were no perinatal loss. Conclusion. The received results: when using the technique of complex correction developed by us the dizadaptation of disturbances in fetoplacental complex at women who received algorithm offered by us, all structural mechanisms of adaptation of placenta which allow to keep morphometric and diffuse indicators of vorsine tree at level with firmness compensations that is the most important adaptive agent which allows to support vital activity of fetus turn on and to prevent development of serious degree of delay of its development. Key words: fetus arrest of development, prematurely born pregnancy, diagnostics, prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Use of heated tobacco products may be associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and low birth weight in Japan: An analysis of the JACSIS study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽  
Yoshihiko Hosokawa ◽  
Sumiyo Okawa ◽  
Ai Hori ◽  
Gen Kobashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders

Background: Little is known about heated tobacco product (HTP) use in pregnant women and associated maternal and neonatal risks for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and low birth weight (LBW). Thus, this study aimed to assess the status of HTP use among pregnant women in Japan and explore the risk of HDP and LBW associated with HTP use. Methods: Using data from the Japan "COVID-19 and Society" Internet Survey (JACSIS) study, a web-based nationwide survey, we investigated 558 post-delivery and 365 currently pregnant women in October 2020. We assessed the prevalence of ever HTP smokers (defined as ever experiencing HTP use) in post-delivery and currently pregnant women. Among post-delivery women, we collected the information regarding HDP and LBW based on their Maternal and Child Health Handbooks (maternal and newborn records). In the multivariable regression analysis, we estimated the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ever HTP smokers for HDP and LBW compared with those of never HTP smokers using logistic regression. A stratified analysis with respect to combustible cigarette smoking (never/ever) was also performed. Results: The prevalence of ever HTP use were 11.7% and 12.6% in post-delivery and currently pregnant women, respectively. Among post-delivery women, ever HTP smokers had higher HDP incidence (13.8% vs. 6.5%, P=0.03), with an OR of 2.78 (95% CI 0.84—9.15) and higher LBW incidence (18.5% versus 8.9%, P=0.02), with an elevated OR of 2.08 (95% CI 0.80—5.39). A similar tendency was observed among never and ever combustible cigarette smokers. Conclusion: In Japan, the incidence of HTP use has exceeded 10% among pregnant women, and HTP smoking may be associated with increased maternal and neonatal risks. School-based tobacco prevention and cessation programs should be conducted regardless of product types to prevent life-threatening perinatal complications and deaths.

scholarly journals Effect of aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism 344C>T and risk of hypertensive disorders among Uzbek women

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
У.А. Ашурова ◽  
Д.К. Наджмутдинова ◽  
Х.Я. Каримов ◽  
К. Т. Бобоев
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
High Carrier ◽  
Definition Of

Введение: Гипертензивные нарушения осложняют значительное количество беременностей и тем самым увеличивают показатели материнской и неонатальной смертности и заболеваемости. Изучение генов, которые могут влиять на риск развития данного ослож- нения гестации, способствует более полному пониманию патогенеза и определению терапевтических целей при данном нарушении. Цель: анализ ассоциации полиморфизма -344C>T гена CYP11B2 с риском развития гипертензивных нарушений во время беремен- ности у женщин узбекской национальности.Материалы и методы: в исследование вошла 201 пациентка с гипертензивными нарушениями - основная группа, разделенная на 3 подгруппы: подгруппа А - 41 беременная с хронической артериальной гипертензией (ХАГ), подгруппа Б - 110 беременных с гестационной гипертензией (ГГ), подгруппа В - 50 беременных с преэклампсией (ПЭ). Контрольную группу составили 110 здоро- вых женщин репродуктивного возраста без хронических заболеваний и выраженной акушерской патологии в анамнезе. Все иссле- дуемые женщины были узбекской национальности. Детекция генетического полиморфизма -344C>T гена CYP11B2 проводилась методом ПЦР на приборе «AppliedBiosystems» 2720 (США), с использованием набора реагентов компании ООО «Литех» (Москва). Результаты: У беременных женщин узбекской национальности с гипертензивными нарушениями выявлена высокая частота носи- тельства функционально неблагоприятного аллеля Т и генотипов С/Т и Т/Т полиморфизма -344C>T в гене CYP11B2 по сравнению с контрольной выборкой. Уровень статистической значимости различий в частоте аллеля Т и генотипов С/Т и Т/Т между исследован- ными группами пациентов и контрольной выборкой оказался достаточно высоким. Соответственно, у носителей T аллеля, геноти- пов C/T и Т/Т риск развития гипертензивных нарушений был повышен в 2,8, 1,7 и 7,3 раз при χ2>3,9; р<0,05. При этом, гомозигот- ный генотип C/C оказался протективным в отношении формирования гипертензивных нарушений у женщин. При наличии данного генотипа риск гипертензивных нарушений был снижен более чем в 3 раза (χ2=20,8; р<0,05; OR=0,3; 95%CI 0,20- 0,5). Данные наших исследований побуждают к дальнейшим поискам генетических полиморфизмов для прогнозирования риска развития гипертен- зии у женщин узбекской этнической принадлежности и разработки соответствующих мер профилактики. Introduсtion: Hypertensive disorders complicate a significant number of pregnancies and, thereby, increase the number of maternal and neonatal mortality, as well as the incidence of morbidity. The study of genes that may affect the risk of developing this complication of gestation contributes to a complete understanding of the pathogenesis and the definition of the therapeutic goals of this disorder.IISSSSNN 22007733--77999988 39Objective: analysis of the association of gene CYP11B2 polymorphism -344C> T with the risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy among Uzbek women.Study design: the study included a group of 201 pregnant women with hypertensive disorders, who made up the main group, divided into 3 subgroups: subgroup A - 41 pregnant women with chronic arterial hypertension (CAG), subgroup B - 110 pregnant women with gesta- tional hypertension (GH), subgroup B - 50 pregnant women preeclampsia (PE). The control group consisted of 110 healthy women of repro- ductive age without chronic diseases and severe obstetric pathology in history. All women were Uzbek nationality. Determination of poly- morphism -344C> T CYP11B2 gene was performed by PCR on an Applied Biosystems 2720 device (USA), using the set of Liteh LLC (Moscow). Results: According to the results of our studies in pregnant women of Uzbek nationality, with hypertensive disorders, a high carrier fre- quency was found for the functionally unfavorable T allele and the homo / heterozygous C / T and T / T genotypes of the -344C> T CYP11B2 polymorphism compared with the control sample. The level of statistical significance of differences in the frequency of the T allele and the C / T and T / T genotypes between the studied groups of patients and the control sample was quite high. Accordingly, in T-allele carriers, C/ T and T / T genotypes, the risk of developing hypertensive disorders was increased by 2.8, 1.7, and 7.3 times with χ2> 3.9; р <0.05. At the same time, the homozygous C / C genotype proved to be protective against the formation of hypertensive disorders in women. With this genotype, the risk of hypertensive disorders was reduced by more than 3 times (χ2 = 20.8; р <0.05; OR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.20-0.5). Results of our studies encourage for further searches of genetic polymorphisms, to predict the risk of developing hypertension in women of Uzbek eth- nicity and to develop appropriate preventive measures.

scholarly journals Prevention of complications of pregnancy and childbirth of patients with a burdensome gynecological anamnesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
T. P. Andriichuk
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Placental Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Mean

The objective: determination of the effectiveness of prevention and medicinal correction of placental dysfunction in pregnant women with chronic salpingo-oophoritis.Materials and methods. The study included 100 pregnant women (basic group) with chronic salpingo-oophoritis, of these, I group (50 women) included patients who received proposed treatment and prevention approach, II group (50 women) received a common set of treatment and prevention measures. The proposed treatment-and-prophylactic approach included prophylactic administration to pregnant women with chronic salpingo-oophoritis from the 8th to the 10th and from the 16th to the 18th week inclusive of natural micronized progesterone at a dose of 100 mg intravaginally twice a day for two weeks. Venotonik and angioprotector were prescribed prophylactically at dose 600 mg from 18 weeks to 37-38 weeks of pregnancy. For therapeutic purposes (blood flow disorders in the uterine arteries and vessels of the umbilical cord that are determined by Doppler), the drug was prescribed at dose 600 mg twice a day for 3–4 weeks.Results. A lower frequency of obstetric and perinatal complications was found in the women in I group than in the patients in the II group. Thus, the rate of placental dysfunction was 6.0±3.36% vs. 34.0±6.7%, respectively, oligohydramnios – 6.0±3.36% and 12.0±4.59%, polyhydramnios – 10.0±4.24% and 22.0±5.86%, fetal distress during childbirth – 6.0±3.36% and 14.0±4.91%, cesarean section – 12.0±4.6% and 24.0±4.27%. In the group of patients with treatment-and-prophylactic approach, the mean of the body weight of newborns was 3486.7±312.71 g, and in women who received a common set of treatment-and-prophylactic measures – 3099.8±295.69 g. The mean of the assessment of the condition of newborns by the Apgar scale at the 1st minute – 7.92±1.54 and 6.81±1.16 points, respectively.Conclusions. The use of micronized natural progesterone and the drug diosmin 600 mg in pregnant women with a history of chronic salpingo-oophoritis reduces the rate of obstetric and perinatal complications during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Antenatal thyroid screening and its clinical correlation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1864
Author(s):  
Juhi Sisodia ◽  
Meena Samant
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Perinatal Outcome ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intrauterine Death ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: The study of hypothyroidism in pregnancy was done with the aim of determining the effect of hypothyroidism on maternal and perinatal outcome. This study also aimed to decide whether universal screening of pregnant women for hypothyroidism is justified.Methods: A prospective observational study was done over a period of 1 year from October 2011 to September 2012, on pregnant women attending the OPD of Obs and Gynae department. Serum TSH is the most convenient and best test to diagnose hypothyroidism in pregnancy in first trimester. Ideal serum TSH level during pregnancy is 0.5-2.5µIU/ml in first trimester and 0.5-3µIU/ml in second and third trimester. First trimester booking visit is the ideal time for initial evaluation. Thereafter serum TSH should be measured at 6 weeks interval for necessary dose adjustments. Levothyroxine is the drug of choice. It should be started at 1.6-2µg/kg/day. If serum TSH is raised but fT4 is normal, treatment can be started with 25-75µg/day.Results: Inadequately treated hypothyroid pregnant women had higher incidence of maternal complications in comparison to adequately treated hypothyroid patients, like threatened abortion (11.1% vs 1.5%), antepartum hemorrhage (7.4% vs 1.5%), premature rupture of membrane (14.8% vs 3.0%), preterm labour (18.5% vs 1.5%), postpartum hemorrhage (9.3% vs 4.5%), anemia (16.7% vs 9.1%) and intrauterine death (9.3% vs 0%). Perinatal complications were also higher like fetal distress (33.3% vs 13.6%) and low birth weight (16.7% vs 4.5%).Incidence of caesarean section was higher in hypothyroid women in comparison to control group (29.2% vs 19.2%).Conclusions: This study shows that there is an association between inadequately treated hypothyroidism and adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. Those who were detected early and adequately treated had outcome similar to control group.

Comparative analysis of perinatal complications in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnant women

2021 ◽  
Vol 9-10 (219-220) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Makpal Beketova ◽  
◽  
Serik Iskakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Perinatal Risk ◽  
Ultrasound Doppler ◽  
Hepatic Transaminases

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with a higher incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), and stillborn foetuses. Despite the successes achieved in the problem of Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnant women (ICPW), a significant number of unfavorable outcomes for the mother and the fetus are associated with insufficiently developed possibilities for predicting them. Unsatisfactory results of pregnancy, childbirth and perinatal indicators, which cause a number of medical and social problems, can be reduced with the availability of effective methods for predicting and, if it, successful prevention and treatment of ICPW. Purpose of the study. To study the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters in pregnant women with ICP W with obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 600 birth histories and exchange cards of pregnant women in the period from 2015 to 2019 with ICPW was carried out, of which 301 pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis in the main group, and 299 pregnant women without intrahepatic cholestasis in the control group. Results and discussion. The most frequent complications of pregnancy and childbirth in ICPW were preterm labor, threatening fetal healthcare, preeclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhage. In patients with ICPW, an increase in the level of hepatic transaminases was significantly associated with a high perinatal risk. Respiratory disorders prevailed in the structure of diseases in newborns. An increase in the incidence of unfavorable neonatal outcomes (fetal distress, low Apgar score, low gestational age) is associated with severe hyperenzymemia in severe forms of ICPW. Conclusions. An increase in the level of hepatic transaminases is significantly associated with a high perinatal risk. The isolated use of ultrasound doppler in ICPW does not allow to reliably assess the risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes. Analysis of the results of ultrasound doppler, with an increase in the level of transaminases, is insufficient to assess the degree of risk of antenatal death or a threatening condition of the fetus. Keywords: Intrahepatic cholestasis, pregnancy, perinatal outcomes.

INDIREKTE PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER HARNOESTROGENE

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kecskés ◽  
F. Mutschler ◽  
I. Glós ◽  
E. Thán ◽  
I. Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
List Type ◽  
Granulosa Cell Tumour ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Phenol Fraction ◽  
Qualitative Determination

ABSTRACT 1. An indirect paperchromatographic method is described for separating urinary oestrogens; this consists of the following steps: acidic hydrolysis, extraction with ether, dissociation of phenol-fractions with partition between the solvents. Previous purification of phenol fraction with the aid of paperchromatography. The elution of oestrogen containing fractions is followed by acetylation. Oestrogen acetate is isolated by re-chromatography. The chromatogram was developed after hydrolysis of the oestrogens 'in situ' on the paper. The quantity of oestrogens was determined indirectly, by means of an iron-reaction, after the elution of the iron content of the oestrogen spot, which was developed by the Jellinek-reaction. 2. The method described above is satisfactory for determining urinary oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, but could include 16-epioestriol and other oestrogenic metabolites. 3. The sensitivity of the method is 1.3–1.6 μg/24 hours. 4. The quantitative and qualitative determination of urinary oestrogens with the above mentioned method was performed in 50 pregnant and 9 non pregnant women, and also in 2 patients with granulosa cell tumour.

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