Basic understanding of renal pathology required for clinicians

Primary Objectives: By extending the scope of knowledge of the primary care optometrist, the brain injury population will have expanded access to entry level neurooptometric care by optometric providers who have a basic understanding of their neurovisual problems, be able to provide some treatment and know when to refer to their colleagues who have advanced training in neuro-optometric rehabilitation.

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Attitudes of Medical Workers Toward Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology: A Comparative Survey (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.18107 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Weihua Yang ◽

Bo Zheng ◽

Maonian Wu ◽

Shaojun Zhu ◽

Hongxia Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Medical Ethics ◽

Online Survey ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Medical Field ◽

Acceptance Level ◽

Professional Workers ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Comparative Survey ◽

Definition Of

BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely applied in the medical field, especially in ophthalmology. In the development of ophthalmic artificial intelligence, some problems worthy of attention have gradually emerged, among which the ophthalmic AI-related recognition issues are particularly prominent. That is to say, currently, there is a lack of research into people's familiarity with and their attitudes toward ophthalmic AI. OBJECTIVE This survey aims to assess medical workers’ and other professional technicians’ familiarity with AI, as well as their attitudes toward and concerns of ophthalmic AI. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was designed through the Questionnaire Star APP, an online survey software and questionnaire tool, and was sent to relevant professional workers through Wechat, China’s version of Facebook or WhatsApp. The participation was based on a voluntary and anonymous principle. The questionnaire mainly consisted of four parts, namely the participant’s background, the participant's basic understanding of AI, the participant's attitude toward AI, and the participant's concerns about AI. A total of 562 participants were counted, with 562 valid questionnaires returned. The results of the questionnaires are displayed in an Excel 2003 form. RESULTS A total of 562 professional workers completed the questionnaire, of whom 291 were medical workers and 271 were other professional technicians. About 37.9% of the participants understood AI, and 31.67% understood ophthalmic AI. The percentages of people who understood ophthalmic AI among medical workers and other professional technicians were about 42.61% and 15.6%, respectively. About 66.01% of the participants thought that ophthalmic AI would partly replace doctors, with about 59.07% still having a relatively high acceptance level of ophthalmic AI. Meanwhile, among those with ophthalmic AI application experiences (30.6%), respectively about 84.25% of medical professionals and 73.33% of other professional technicians held a full acceptance attitude toward ophthalmic AI. The participants expressed concerns that ophthalmic AI might bring about issues such as the unclear definition of medical responsibilities, the difficulty of ensuring service quality, and the medical ethics risks. And among the medical workers and other professional technicians who understood ophthalmic AI, 98.39%, and 95.24%, respectively, said that there was a need to increase the study of medical ethics issues in the ophthalmic AI field. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the questionnaire results shows that the medical workers have a higher understanding level of ophthalmic AI than other professional technicians, making it necessary to popularize ophthalmic AI education among other professional technicians. Most of the participants did not have any experience in ophthalmic AI, but generally had a relatively high acceptance level of ophthalmic AI, believing that doctors would partly be replaced by it and that there was a need to strengthen research into medical ethics issues of the field.

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Roman Retail Landscapes

10.1093/oso/9780198769934.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Steven J. R. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Social Economic ◽

Economic Rationality ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Urban Topography ◽

The Subject ◽

Made In

This chapter examines the socio-economic motivations behind the shaping of retail landscapes in Roman cities. It is about who opened retail outlets, as well as why and where. After critiquing some of the normal methods for illustrating the locations of shops and bars, including the conventional distribution plan itself, as well as questioning the economic rationality of operating tabernae, this chapter argues for the value in complicating our otherwise basic understanding of why urban investments were made in the places we find them. Rather than accepting profit as the single motivation to urban investment, a range of social, economic, and political motivations are considered as an explanation for the ultimate shape of Roman retail landscapes. Thus beyond discussions of space and urban topography, the subject of this chapter is investment.

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Industrial benchmarking for competitive advantage

Human Systems Management ◽

10.3233/hsm-1999-183-413 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 18 (3-4) ◽

pp. 287-296

Author(s):

Bjørn Andersen

Keyword(s):

Competitive Advantage ◽

Process Model ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

Improvement Potential ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Different Types

This paper deals with several different aspects of the concept of benchmarking in order to give the audience a basic understanding of what benchmarking is, how it is done, and what it can give in terms of improvement results. The main issues covered are definitions of benchmarking and explanations of the different types of benchmarking that exist and what implications these have, both in terms of improvement potential, difficulties, and suitability. Furthermore, ethical and legal aspects linked to benchmarking and the benchmarking wheel, a benchmarking process model explaining the phases and steps of the benchmarking study. A relatively large portion of the paper will be devoted to explaining how to carry out a benchmarking study and various pitfalls that might be encountered. The remainder of the paper will discuss the improvement results that companies that have used benchmarking actually have achieved. These range from phenomenal successes to downright failures, and the paper will explore conclusions derived from research on the topic.

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More than ancillary records: clinical implications of renal pathology examination in tumor nephrectomy specimens

Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.1007/s40620-021-01030-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Johannes Philipp Kläger ◽

Ahmad Al-Taleb ◽

Mladen Pavlovic ◽

Andrea Haitel ◽

Eva Comperat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Interstitial Fibrosis ◽

Renal Pathology ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Renal Tumors ◽

Renal Diseases ◽

Tumor Type ◽

Neoplastic Tissue ◽

Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽

Hypertensive Nephropathy ◽

Tumor Nephrectomy

Abstract Background Nephrectomy is the management of choice for the treatment of renal tumors. Surgical pathologists primarily focus on tumor diagnosis and investigations relating to prognosis or therapy. Pathological changes in non-neoplastic tissue may, however, be relevant for further management and should be thoroughly assessed. Methods Here, we examined the non-neoplastic renal parenchyma in 206 tumor nephrectomy specimens for the presence of glomerular, tubulo-interstitial, or vascular lesions, and correlated them with clinical parameters and outcome of renal function. Results We analyzed 188 malignant and 18 benign or pseudo-tumorous lesions. The most common tumor type was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC, n = 106) followed by papillary or urothelial carcinomas (n = 25). Renal pathology examination revealed the presence of kidney disease in 39 cases (18.9%). Glomerulonephritis was found in 15 cases (7.3%), and the most frequent was IgA nephropathy (n = 6; 2.9%). Vasculitis was found in two cases (0.9%). In 15 cases we found tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and in 9 severe diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy. Partial nephrectomy was not linked to better eGFR at follow-up. Age, vascular nephropathy, glomerular scarring and interstitial fibrosis were the leading independent negative factors influencing eGFR at time of surgery, whereas proteinuria was associated with reduced eGFR at 1 year. Conclusion Our large study population indicates a high incidence of renal diseases potentially relevant for the postoperative management of patients with renal neoplasia. Consistent and systematic reporting of non-neoplastic renal pathology in tumor nephrectomy specimens should therefore be mandatory.

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The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12020315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 315

Author(s):

Xu Yang ◽

Kai Chen ◽

Yaohui Wang ◽

Dehong Yang ◽

Yongping Huang

Keyword(s):

Sex Determination ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Future Research ◽

Model Species ◽

Male And Female ◽

Master Regulators ◽

Primary Signal ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Female Specific ◽

Working Mechanisms

In insects, sex determination pathways involve three levels of master regulators: primary signals, which determine the sex; executors, which control sex-specific differentiation of tissues and organs; and transducers, which link the primary signals to the executors. The primary signals differ widely among insect species. In Diptera alone, several unrelated primary sex determiners have been identified. However, the doublesex (dsx) gene is highly conserved as the executor component across multiple insect orders. The transducer level shows an intermediate level of conservation. In many, but not all examined insects, a key transducer role is performed by transformer (tra), which controls sex-specific splicing of dsx. In Lepidoptera, studies of sex determination have focused on the lepidopteran model species Bombyx mori (the silkworm). In B. mori, the primary signal of sex determination cascade starts from Fem, a female-specific PIWI-interacting RNA, and its targeting gene Masc, which is apparently specific to and conserved among Lepidoptera. Tra has not been found in Lepidoptera. Instead, the B. mori PSI protein binds directly to dsx pre-mRNA and regulates its alternative splicing to produce male- and female-specific transcripts. Despite this basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination, the links among the primary signals, transducers and executors remain largely unknown in Lepidoptera. In this review, we focus on the latest findings regarding the functions and working mechanisms of genes involved in feminization and masculinization in Lepidoptera and discuss directions for future research of sex determination in the silkworm.

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