scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING TRADITIONS OF THE STEPPE AND FOREST-STEPPE ZONES OF EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE END OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD TO THE 5TH CENTURY. N. E.

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
N.V. Polshikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Scythian Period

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION MODELS OF IRONWORKING IN FOREST – STEPPE AND STEPPE SCYTHIA (BELSKOYE AND KAMENSKOYE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.И. Завьялов ◽  
Н.Н. Терехова
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
High Level

Скифский период время начала железного века в Восточной Европе, возникновения ремесленных центров. Наиболее яркими из них в лесостепной зоне является Бельское городище, в степной зоне Каменское городище. В результате археометаллографического исследования установлено, что технологический уровень развития железообработки в обоих центрах был высок. Но производственные модели существенно различались. На Бельском городище местное развитие кузнечного ремесла испытало воздействие высокоразвитого (вероятно, античного) производственного центра. На Каменском городище железообрабатывающее производство возникает под непосредственным влиянием кавказских производственных традиций. The Scythian period is the time of the Early Bronze Age in Eastern Europe and the emergence of craft centers. The Belskoye hillfort is the most impressive of such sites in the forest steppe belt, the same goes for the Kamenskoye fortified settlement located in the steppe belt. The archaeometallographic study found out that the technical level of ironworking development in the both centers had reached high level. However, production models differed substantially. Local blacksmith craft development at Belskoye was influenced by a highly developed (most likely, ancient Greek) production center. At Kamenskoye ironworking emerged under direct influence of Caucasian production traditions.

scholarly journals Ceramic Traditions in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 705-717
Author(s):  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Andreev ◽  
Alexander Alekseevich Vybornov
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Early Pottery

Abstract Early pottery on the territory from the Eastern Caspian Sea and Aral Sea to Denmark reveals a certain typological similarity. It is represented by egg-shaped vessels with an S-shaped profile of the upper part and a pointed bottom. The vessels are not ornamented or decorated with incised lines, organized often in a net. This type of pottery was spread within hunter-gatherer ancient groups. The forest-steppe Volga region is one of the earliest centers of pottery production in Eastern Europe. The first pottery is recorded here in the last quarter of the seventh millennium BC. Its appearance is associated with the bearers of the Elshanskaya cultural tradition. The most likely source of its formation is the territory of Central Asia. Later, due to aridization, these ceramic traditions distributed further westward to the forest-steppe Don region. During the first half of the sixth millennium BC, groups associated with the bearers of the Elshanskaya cultural tradition moved westward. Significant similarities with the ceramic complexes of the Elshanskaya culture are found in materials from a number of early pottery cultures of Central Europe and the Baltic (Narva, Neman, and Ertebølle).

scholarly journals REVISITING THE LIFE STYLE OF THE DON FOREST-STEPPE BELT POPULATION DURING THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD (THE CASE STUDY OF THE KSIZOVO-19 CEMETERY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
И. К. Решетова ◽  
М. В. Добровольская ◽  
А. Н. Меркулов
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Very High

В статье рассмотрены палеоантропологические материалы грунтовых захоронений середины I тыс. до н. э., расположенных на территории Верхнего Дона. Находки получены в результате раскопок многослойного памятника Ксизово-19. Работы проводились Раннеславянской археологической экспедицией ИА РАН под руководством А. М. Обломского. Исследование антропологических коллекций проводилось по комплексной биоархеологической программе и позволило осветить ряд вопросов об образе жизни населения этой эпохи. Были проанализированы показатели уровня стрессов и физических нагрузок в рассматриваемой группе. Следует обратить внимание на очень высокий процент присутствия зубных патологий. При сравнении серий из грунтовых погребений и подкурганных захоронений выявлены различия в состоянии зубочелюстной системы и присутствие патологических состояний, фиксируемых на зубах в большей степени в группе из курганов. The paper provides an overview of paleoanthropological remnants from ground burials dating back to the mid I mill. BC located in the Upper Don region. The finds were obtained during excavations of the Ksizovo-19 multi-layer site. The excavations were carried out by the Early Slavic Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, led by A. M. Oblomskiy. The study of the anthropological assemblages was performed according to a comprehensive bioarchaeological program. This makes it possible to cover a number of issues regarding the life style of the population at that time. The stress level and physical activity in the studied group were analyzed. A very high percentage of dental pathologies should be noted. Comparison of series from the ground burials and the kurgans burials revealed differences in the conditions of the dentofacial systems and presence of a greater number of pathological conditions of the teeth in the kurgan series.

scholarly journals IN-GROUND CEMETERY OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD NEAR THE VILLAGE OF KSIZOVO IN THE UPPER DON REGION (NEW DATA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Ю. Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Spindle Whorls ◽  
Don River ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Village ◽  
Insight Into

Комплекс памятников конца V - III в. до н. э., расположенный на р. Дон у с. Ксизово в Задонском районе Липецкой обл., включает городище, селище и грунтовый могильник. В результате радиоуглеродного датирования и анализа вещевых находок к названным столетиям отнесено пять захоронений, ранее соотносимых с гуннским временем. В итоге стало известно 17 погребений скифской эпохи, включая два парных. В них по обряду ингумации и в сопровождении довольно скудного инвентаря (стрелы, браслеты, серьги, бусы, пряслица) были захоронены 9 мужчин, 9 женщин и ребенок. Данные бескурганные комплексы дают представление о погребальных традициях оседлого населения донской лесостепи. The studied group of sites dating to the end of 5 - 3 cc. BC is located on the Don river near the village of Ksizovo in the Zadonsk district, Lipetsk region. The group includes a fortified settlement, an unfortified settlement and an in-ground cemetery. The radiocarbon dating and analysis of the found artifacts refer the five graves earlier dated to the Hun period to the above-mentioned centuries. Today the number of the Scythian graves totals 17, including two double burials. Nine males, nine females and one child were buried in these graves performed according to the inhumation funerary rite with rather scarce funeral offerings (arrowheads, bracelets, pendants, beads, spindle whorls). These burial sites without kurgans give an insight into funerary traditions of the sedentary population inhabiting the Don forest-steppe belt.

scholarly journals Preliminary Analysis of European Small Mammal Faunas of the Eemian Interglacial: Species Composition and Species Diversity at a Regional Scale

Quaternary ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Markova ◽  
Andrey Puzachenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Mammal Faunas ◽  
Eemian Interglacial

Small mammal remains obtained from the European localities dated to the Eemian (Mikulino) age have been analyzed for the first time at a regional scale based on the present biogeographical regionalization of Europe. The regional faunas dated to the warm interval in the first part of the Late Pleistocene display notable differences in fauna composition, species richness, and diversity indices. The classification of regional faunal assemblages revealed distinctive features of small mammal faunas in Eastern and Western Europe during the Eemian (=Mikulino, =Ipswichian) Interglacial. Faunas of the Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, and Sardinia Island appear to deviate from the other regions. In the Eemian Interglacial, the maximum species richness of small mammals (≥40 species) with a relatively high proportion of typical forest species was recorded in Western and Central Europe and in the western part of Eastern Europe. The lowest species richness (5–14 species) was typical of island faunas and of those in the north of Eastern Europe. The data obtained make it possible to reconstruct the distribution of forest biotopes and open habitats (forest-steppe and steppe) in various regions of Europe. Noteworthy is a limited area of forests in the south and in the northeastern part of Europe. In these regions, it seems likely that under conditions of relatively high temperatures characteristic of the Last Interglacial and an insufficient moisture supply there could exist open forest stands or forest-steppe landscapes, as suggested by the presence of species indicative of forest-steppe and steppe north of the forest zone. The results obtained are useful in modeling changes in the mammal faunas as well as environmental changes in entire Europe due to global climatic changes (including the global warming recorded at present).

Scythian Internecine Feuds

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina N. Daragan
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Political World ◽  
New Form ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

In the Scythian period burials have been identified, in which metal arrowheads have been found in or among the bones of the deceased which may have been the cause of death. In all such cases, without exception, the arrowheads, which had wounded or killed the deceased, were of specifically Scythian types, used precisely at that time for the weaponry of both Scythians and their contemporaries constituting the military contingents of various tribal alliances in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the sample has shown that in most cases those who perished were victims of armed conflicts within the ethno-political world of Scythia. In a number of further cases, arrow wounds had been caused as a result of a rite forming part of a funerary ritual. Some other archaeological data, such as the dismantling of and re-use of Scythian anthropomorphic stelai and also the virtually total plundering of their kurgans by the Scythians themselves, can also indicate the conflict situation within Scythian society in the late-5th and 4th centuries bc. Certain data from written sources also tie in with the existence of internecine feuds in Scythia, including the reliably recorded fact of clashes between Scythian élites. The inter-tribal violence recorded in the light of arrow wounds quite probably reflects, among other things, the new form of relationships within Scythian society resulting from rivalry for possession of territory and resources.

scholarly journals The hoard of temple rings from the hillfort of Baroniki (Viciebsk)

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Victoryia N. Tarasevich ◽  
Vasily M. Vasiliev
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Migration Period ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to two temple rings, which are a part of the hoard from the hillfort of Baroniki (Viciebsk). Temple rings are now kept in the National Historical Museum of the Republic of Belarus. The absence of direct analogies and the circumstances of finding of things allowed G. V. Shtyhau to date this complex very approximately. Therefore, the aim of the research is to clarify the dating of the hoard. According to the authors, this can be done on the basis of the analysis of the stylistic features of the appearance of the rings and, thus, to identify traditions that could affect their creating. It was established that the «ornamental motifs» used in the making of rings from Baroniki were widespread in the forest and forest steppe zones of Central and Eastern Europe during the Migration Period. Due to this, the rings can be dated from the end of the 5th century to the end of the 7th – beginning of the 8th century. The results of the research can be used as a source for the reconstruction of the womenʼs jewelry attire of the population of the Belarusian Dzvina Region in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.

scholarly journals GOLD APPLIQUES AFFIXED TO THE WOODEN BOWLS FROM THE PERESCHEPINE BURIAL GROUND NEAR BELSK

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-482
Author(s):  
S. V. Makhortykh
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Bird Of Prey ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
Original Interpretation

The article is devoted to the analysis of gold plaques on wooden vessels from the Pereshchepino cemetery near Belsk, which are among the brightest indicators of Scythian culture and mark the distribution of this category of funeral equipment in the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank in the middle — second half of the 5th century BC. Items considered are represented by several subject-stylistic groups, among which there are plaques decorated with geometric patterns (a double row of convex points), and plaques with various zoomorphic motifs (recumbent stag, head of a bird of prey). The images differ in local specificity and have an original interpretation of individual details. First of all, it concerns the motif of recumbent stag, which demonstrate iconographic dynamics and with the involvement of materials from neighboring territories indicate the formation in the «late» V — first decades of the 4th centuries BC a «forest-steppe» type of images of this animal. Objects of animal style from forest-steppe areas of Ukraine are an important component of the Scythian art of Eastern Europe and must be taken into account when analyzing the genesis of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Denis Topal, The specificity of the Scythian panoply of the Lower Danube

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
Archaeological Landscape

The archaeological landscape of the Lower Danube was changing with the importance of the Danube itself, which either became, or a cultural water¬shed, or an artery, connecting the ancient communities. In the Early Iron Age, it seems that the Danube did not become an invincible barrier for the spread of offensive weapons of Scythian origin. Moreover, Dobruja itself looks like a ter-ritory mastered by the Scythians, starting from the Archaic period. The Lower Danube group forms a separate “steppe” cultural assemblage together with the Lower Dniester, South Carpathian and South Danube groups, for which the spear became the main type of weapon. However, these preferences were re¬flected in the morphology of the Scythian akinakes. So, for this steppe or Dan-ube enclave, swords are more characteristic than daggers. Daggers are connected mainly with the forest-steppe part of the Carpathian-Dniester region and Transylvania. The warrior graves of the Lower Danube region mainly belong to the Classical Scythian period, while the only exception is related to the right bank of the Lower Danube. However, there are no burials with akinakai and even stray finds in Classical time outside the steppe.

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