scholarly journals PERFECTION OF THE PYROLYSIS PROCESS

2017 ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
E. R. Magaril ◽  
R. Z. Magaril ◽  
L. V. Trushkova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Relative Reactivity ◽  
Methyl Radicals ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Thermal Reactions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Liquid Products

There were obtained the values of the relative reactivity of different types of bonds in interaction with hydrogen atoms, methyl radicals, as well as values of the effective relative reactivity when using an inert diluent, enabling to improve knowledge about the pyrolysis of raw materials of a given composition. A method was developed for increasing the selectivity of the pyrolysis for the desired products of the process (lower olefins), reducing the yield of liquid products of condensation and specific energy consumption, based on the influence of hydrogen on the thermal reactions of alkanes and alkenes.

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF THE HYDROCARBONS PYROLYSIS SELECTIVITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
E. R. Magaril ◽  
R. Z. Magaril
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Relative Reactivity ◽  
Methyl Radicals ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Specific Energy Expenditure ◽  
Inert Diluent ◽  
Lower Olefins ◽  
Liquid Products

Data was obtained on relative reactivity for different type bonds in reactions with hydrogen atoms, methyl radicals, and also on effective relative reactivities when using an inert diluent, allowing deepening the knowledge about pyrolysis of raw materials of a given composition. A method has been developed for increasing selectivity of process for target products (lower olefins), lowering yields of liquid products of condensation and specific energy expenditure, based on influence of hydrogen on thermic reactions of alkanes and alkenes.

scholarly journals Optimization Issues of a Hammer Mill Working Process Using Statistical Modelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Gigel Paraschiv ◽  
Georgiana Moiceanu ◽  
Gheorghe Voicu ◽  
Mihai Chitoiu ◽  
Petru Cardei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Rotor Spinning ◽  
Milled Material ◽  
Different Types

Our paper presents the hammer mill working process optimization problem destined for milling energetic biomass (MiscanthusGiganteus and Salix Viminalis). For the study, functional and constructive parameters of the hammer mill were taken into consideration in order to reduce the specific energy consumption. The energy consumption dependency on the mill rotor spinning frequency and on the sieve orifices in use, as well as on the material feeding flow, in correlation with the vegetal biomass milling degree was the focus of the analysis. For obtaining this the hammer mill was successively equipped with 4 different types of hammers that grind the energetic biomass, which had a certain humidity content and an initial degree of reduction ratio of the material. In order to start the optimization process of hammer mill working process, 12 parameters were defined. The objective functions which minimize hammer mill energy consumption and maximize the milled material percentage with a certain specific granulation were established. The results obtained can serve as the basis for choosing the optimal working, constructive, and functional parameters of hammer mills in this field, and for a better design of future hammer mills.

Radiolysis of methylcyclohexane. III. Pure vapor phase and effects of additives

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 1649-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Holtslander ◽  
G. R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Secondary Reaction ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Methyl Radicals ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Total Ionization ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The radiolysis of methylcyclohexene (MCH) vapor was carried out under a variety of conditions. The G-values of the main products at 110°, extrapolated to zero dose, are hydrogen (5.2), methylcyclohexene isomers (2.0), ethylene (1.5), methane (1.3), propylene (0.8), and total dimer (0.3). Other products were also measured.The hydrogen yield was reduced to G = 3.1 by each of the additives, N2O, SF6, and CCL4, and to G = 1.6 by C2H4. Both DI and ND3 increased the total hydrogen yield above the value in pure MCH. In pure MCH approximately 50% of the ions (G(total ionization) = 4.4) resulted in hydrogen formation, whereas in the presence of DI or ND3, 75% of the ions are hydrogen precursors. Thus three different types of positive ions are distinguished in the system: G(M1+) = 2.1, G(M2+) = 1.3, and G(N+) = 1.0.The average ion lifetime with respect to neutralization was 10−3 s. The ion DI−was therefore stable with respect to decomposition to D + I− for a period greater than 10–3 s under the conditions of the experiments (~380 Torr MCH, 110°).The yield of methylcyclohexene isomers increased with increasing temperature and increased upon addition of ND3 or C2H4 to the radiolysis system. The dimer yield was also enhanced by the addition of ND3. This effect was explained by the occurrence of an ionic secondary reaction that destroys methylcyclohexene and (or) methylcyclohexyl radicals in pure MCH.Approximately 85% of the methane is produced by methyl radicals abstracting hydrogen atoms from MCH.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of Turbomachines on the Basis of the Flow Structure Visual Diagnostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Vasyl Arsiri ◽  
Oleg Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Flow Structure ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Increase In Productivity

AbstractThe indicator of the quality of modern turbomachines is only the coefficient of efficiency, which characterizes the ratio of the useful work of compressors or fans to the energy expended on the drive. For the analysis of the quality of the motion, processes in flow parts, the values of resistances are used which are difficult to be considered as an indicator of the efficiency of dynamic processes. The report presents the results of visual diagnostics of the structure of flows during the movement in the elements of turbomachines, as well as options for improving the geometry of the flow parts - in the inlet pipes, impellers.For the analysis of the efficiency of the motion of liquids and gases in flowing parts, a calculated index is proposed - the coefficient of hydraulic efficiency of dynamic processes. The joint use of two indicators - the efficiency of transformation of different types of energy (efficiency of turbomachines) and the efficiency of dynamic processes in flowing parts allows us to develop and to analyze the results of reconstruction of turbomachines. Reconstruction of turbomachines with the purpose of improving the geometry of the flow parts provides an increase in productivity of turbines, compressors, fans and pumps, while reducing the specific energy consumption for the processes of compression and transport of liquids and gases. Optimization of turbomachines flow parts based of flow structure visual diagnostics allows to reduce noise and vibration, as well as to solve other problems.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS OF GRINDING GRAPE RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENERGY INTENSITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE GRINDER

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
V.V. Novikov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Litvinov ◽  
N.V. Morozov ◽  
E.A. Borisov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Characteristic ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Analytical Expression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of the study is to establish an analytical expression describing the energy consumption during juicing depending on the shape of the knife – divider. The article presents a design for juicing different types of fruits and vegetables. The dynamic characteristic of the process of grinding the starting material (for example, grapes) is given. An expression for determining the power spent on grinding the starting material is analytically substantiated and presented.

scholarly journals Issues of resource and energy saving in corundum production

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1347-1356
Author(s):  
P. S. Palyanicin ◽  
P. A. Petrov ◽  
V. Yu. Bazhin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Resource Saving

The purpose of this article is study and identification of the most promising trends and engineering solutions in order to improve resource saving and energy efficiency in the production of corundum on the basis of the conducted patent review on melting improvement and optimization. The ways to optimize the corundum production are considered in three directions from the point of view of energy saving. The first direction relates to the development of promising engineering developments. The latter are studied to select rational operating modes and determine the main factors affecting voltage surges during the technological process and useful product yield. Consideration is given to the conditions for reducing specific energy consumption and improvement of production environmental friendliness at all stages beginning from isothermal sintering of corundum, production of electrocorundum, fine corundum to single corundum crystals. The second direction is the optimization of corundum production at all stages for the development of an optimal control algorithm for the technological process. In this case the electricity consumption might be reduced by 10-12% as compared to current standards. The third direction is the development of engineering solutions involving the change of individual structural units of furnaces, namely, the use of modern components and new heat insulating materials, as well as the application of spent heat carriers as the sources of secondary energy resources and the introduction of additional controllers of the automated control system of the process. The analytical study has shown that the result of optimization should be upgraded designs of plants and electrical equipment, which can provide maximum electrochemical efficiency, and corresponding furnace tightness. Criteria for energy supply and energy quality making possible to stabilize furnace material balance and solve resource saving issues have been developed. These measures allow to reduce the loss of raw materials up to 20-25%, the specific energy consumption under the production of corundum by 2-3 thousand kWh per 1 t.

scholarly journals Infrared milk pasterizer as a component of success in the Animal leukemia control

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
A. I. Zavgorodniy ◽  
A. P. Paliy ◽  
B. T. Stegniy ◽  
S. K. Gorbatenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Infrared Heating ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Nutritional Qualities

One of the most common and dangerous cattle diseases of oncogenic origin is leukemia. An effective technological step to control animal leukemia and to prevent the possibility of its further spread is milk pasteurization. We have studied the quality of dairy raw materials and equipment used in the pasteurization of milk. The resistance of pasteurized milk was compared after using various methods of its processing (storage in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–5°C). The comparative characteristics and specific energy consumption of the most popular pasteurizer models with ‘UOM’ milk pasteurizer-disinfectant were described. We studied the specific energy consumption of the ‘UOM’ units. It was established that pasteurization of milk in cattle leukemia is an integral stage in the overall complex of veterinary and sanitary measures. For pasteurization in livestock farms and milk processing plants, it is necessary to install modern, energy-saving, highly efficient pasteurizers using infrared heating. When using infrared equipment for pasteurization-disinfection of milk (‘UOM’), the disinfection of milk occurs at 79.5°C in a stream (without exposure). This mode of milk processing completely destroys the leukemia virus in it and does not affect its nutritional qualities

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF KINEMATIC INSUFFICIENCY OF BRANCHES OF A CLOSED CONTOUR REDUCED POWER INPUT IN THE MILL OF THE MKAD SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Александр Остановский ◽  
Aleksandr Ostanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Motor Shaft ◽  
Degree Of Deformation ◽  
Grinding Mills ◽  
Drive Motor ◽  
The Impact

The necessity of improving technological operations in the processing of mineral raw materials and the use of energy-efficient grinding equipment is substantiated. The technical and technological benefits of vertical dynamic autogenous grinding mills are given. They are based on a method of self-grinding of the material, which allows to reduce the specific energy consumption. The technical advantages of the MKAD system mills, the structural schemes of which have an indifferent group are explained. Since the mills of this system additionally use so-called “circulating” energy, depending on the degree of deformation of the drive motor shaft, it is necessary to study the effect of kinematic mismatch of closed-circuit branches on the specific energy consumption of grinding. The graphic dependences of kinematic discrepancy effect on the specific energy consumption of grinding in the MKAD system mills are presented.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption at Size Reduction of Lignocellulose Biomass for Bioenergy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Moiceanu ◽  
Gigel Paraschiv ◽  
Gheorghe Voicu ◽  
Mirela Dinca ◽  
Olivia Negoita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fracturing Experiments ◽  
Grinding System ◽  
Different Levels

In order to obtain bioenergy (biogas, biofuel) or pellets, different types of lignocellulosic biomass are subjected to a mechanical pretreatment, first by size reduction, then by separating, and ultimately by fracturing or bio-refining. Biomass processing mainly refers to a grinding process that occurs until reaching certain limits. The size reduction process, such as grinding, is an operation that is executed with different levels of energy consumption, considering biomass mechanical characteristics and the necessary grinding level. This paper, illustrates a comparative analysis of experimental results obtained by grinding multiple types of vegetal biomass (Miscanthus, corn stalks, alfalfa, willow) used in the process of bio-refining and bio-fracturing. Experiments were realized using both a laboratory knife mill Grindomix GM200 (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany), and a 22 kW articulated hammer mill, using different grinding system speeds and different hammer mill sieves. Results have shown that biomass mechanical pre-processing grinding leads to supplementary costs in the overall process through bio-refining or bio-fracturing in order to obtain bio-products or bio-energy. So, specific energy consumption for grinding using a hammer mill can reach 50–65 kJ/kg for harvested Miscanthus biomass, and 35–50 kJ/kg for dried energetic willow, using a 10 mm orifice sieve, values which increase processing costs.

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