Extractives elucidation of Taiwania cryptomerioides sapwood

Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) has long been regarded as a living fossil from the Tertiary period of Mesozoic Era for its distinguished yellowish-red color with purplish-pink streaks presented in its heartwood. With this elegant appearance that matches the color “red” for good fortune in the Taiwanese culture, Taiwania is supposed to be a popular wood in Taiwan where it is a native species of. Extractives contribute to the properties of wood. It is a fascinating subject to investigate extractives biosynthesis in the process of heartwood formation. Up to date, there is no phytochemistry study of Taiwania sapwood. In this study, three new sesquiterpenoids, Taiwania A (1), Taiwania B (2), and Taiwania C (3), together with 75 known compounds in the Taiwania sapwood. The structures of extractives were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the literatures. This study supported secondary reaction lignans could be found in sapwood that confirmed our previous research on the Taiwania-type of heartwood formation.

Interdiffusion Behaviour of NiCoCrAlY Coating and N5 Single Crystal Superalloy

This paper aims at investigating the microstructure and phases evolution of single crystal superalloy/high temperature protective coating during high temperature static oxidation, and exploring the influence of element interdiffusion behaviour on microstructure and phase evolution of the single crystal superalloy substrate. A NiCoCrAlY high-temperature protective coating was deposited on the Ni-based single-crystal superalloy by low-pressure plasma spraying technology. The coated samples were subjected to static oxidation for 200 h at a constant temperature of 1100 °C. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise the microstructure and phase after interdiffusion between the coating and the substrate at high temperature. The results showed that a dense thermally grown oxide layer was formed on the surface of the NiCoCrAlY coating after oxidation for over 100 h. The only interdiffusion zone was formed after oxidation for 50 h, while both interdiffusion zone and secondary reaction zone could be observed after oxidation for over 100 h. The thickness of interdiffusion zone and secondary reaction zone is increased with the extension of oxidation time, and the grain growth of topological close-packed phase in the secondary reaction zone is found. Al, Cr and Co in the coating diffuse from the coating to the substrate, while Ni and refractory materials like Ta, Mo, Re and W diffuse from the coating to the substrate. The interdiffusion of coating and substrate leads to the instability of γ/γ′ phase in the substrate, which finally results in the formation of W, Re and Cr-rich needle-like topological close-packed phase in the substrate.

Analysing and optimizing the electrolysis efficiency of a lithium cell based on the electrochemical and multiphase model

Based on an electrochemical multiphysical simulation, a method for analysing electrolysis efficiency has been presented that considers the energy consumption required to produce a single kilogram of lithium and for the production of lithium, rather than the voltage in various parts. By adopting them as the criteria for analysing electrolysis efficiency in the lithium cell, several structural parameters have been optimized, such as the anode radius and anode–cathode distance. These parameters strongly affect the cell voltage and the velocity field distribution, which has a significant impact on the concentration distribution. By integrating the concentration distribution, the lithium production and energy consumption per kilogram, lithium is computed. By appointing the minimum of the chlorine and lithium concentration as the secondary reaction intensity, it is clear where the secondary reaction intensity is strong in the cell. The structure of a lithium electrolysis cell has been optimized by applying an orthogonal design approach, with the energy consumption notably decreasing from 35.0 to 28.3 kWh (kg Li) −1 and the lithium production successfully increasing by 0.17 mol.

Dynamics of the reaction CH2I + O2 probed via infrared emission of CO, CO2, OH and H2CO

IR emission of OH, CO, CO2, and H2CO from CH2I + O2 was recorded with a step-scan FTIR; possible decomposition routes from HCOOH* and methylene bis(oxy) were identified. The secondary reaction HCO + O2 produces highly vibrationally excited CO.