scholarly journals Effects of diet forage proportion on maintenance energy requirement and the efficiency of metabolizable energy use for lactation by lactating dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 8846-8855 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. Dong ◽  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
D.A. McDowell ◽  
T. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Wilke ◽  
F. J. Van Der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Body Energy

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

The development of maintenance energy requirement and energetic efficiency for lactation from production data of lactating dairy cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
T. Yan ◽  
J. J. Murphy ◽  
C. P. Ferris ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Feeding Systems

The energy feeding systems currently adopted for dairy cows in Western Europe and North America were developed from calorimetric data published 30 years ago. However, the calorimetric measurements were usually undertaken with a small number of trained animals, housed for a short period in respiration chambers. The objective of the present study was to use production data to develop the metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) and the efficiency of ME use for lactation (kl) for dairy cows.

scholarly journals The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Extra Food ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Balances

1. The heat losses and energy balances of thirty-eight individually housed pigs (initial body-weights 21–38 kg) were measured continuously for periods of 14 d when they were maintained at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30°. At each temperature four levels of feeding were given approximating to once, twice and three times the maintenance energy intake and the ad lib. level. The minimal maintenance energy requirement (M) was calculated to be 440 kJ metabolizable energy (me)/kg0.75 per d at 25°.2. me intake at the ad lib. level decreased from 1965 kJ/kg0.75 per d at 10° to 1202 at 30°.3. Heat loss calculated from multiple regression analysis decreased to minimum levels between 20 and 25° 30° was within the hyperthermic zone at each plane of nutrition.4. The partition of heat loss into its sensible and evaporative components showed that evaporation increased from 25% at 10° to 78% at 30°.5. Critical temperature was dependent upon food intake and decreased from 23.1° at M to 20.7° at 2M, 18.0° at 3M and 16.7° at 4M.6. The extra food required to meet extra thermoregulatory heat production per 1° below the effective critical temperature was 0.65 g/kg body-weight per d.

scholarly journals Effect of nutrition on the GH responsiveness of liver and adipose tissue in dairy cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
R P Rhoads ◽  
J W Kim ◽  
M E Van Amburgh ◽  
R A Ehrhardt ◽  
S J Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Dairy cows enter a period of energy insufficiency after parturition. In liver, this energy deficit leads to reduced expression of the liver-specific GH receptor transcript (GHR1A) and decreased GHR abundance. As a consequence, hepatic processes stimulated by GH, such as IGF-I production, are reduced. In contrast, adipose tissue has been assumed to remain fully GH responsive in early lactation. To determine whether energy insufficiency causes contrasting changes in the GH responsiveness of liver and adipose tissue, six lactating dairy cows were treated for 4 days with saline or bovine GH when adequately fed (AF, 120% of total energy requirement) or underfed (UF, 30% of maintenance energy requirement). AF cows mounted robust GH responses in liver (plasma IGF-I and IGF-I mRNA) and adipose tissue (epinephrine-stimulated release of non-esterified fatty acids in plasma, IGF-I mRNA, and p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mRNA). Reductions of these responses were seen in the liver and adipose tissue of UF cows and were associated with decreased GHR abundance. Reduced GHR abundance occurred without corresponding reductions of GHR1A transcripts in liver or total GHR transcripts in adipose tissue. In contrast, undernutrition did not alter the abundance of proteins involved in the early post-receptor signaling steps. Thus, a feed restriction reproducing the energy deficit of early lactation depresses GH actions not only in liver but also in adipose tissue. It remains unknown whether a similar reduction of GH action occurs in the adipose tissue of early lactating dairy cows.

MAINTENANCE ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF THE ROOSTER AND INFLUENCE OF PLANE OF NUTRITION ON METABOLIZABLE ENERGY

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. GUILLAUME ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Maintenance

Arnould’s method can be applied to the adult rooster to estimate the energy maintenance requirement, although estimation of the weight gain requirement is inaccurate with this method. The average value obtained of 117 kcal metabolizable energy per kg body weight per day for maintenance requirement agrees well with previously reported estimates but is higher than values reported for the laying hen. Maintenance requirement for energy appears to be very variable, the coefficient of variation being 13% which equals that found for basal metabolism. Maintenance requirement is correlated neither with body weight nor with endogenous N excretion. It is concluded that metabolic and endogenous energy should be taken into account for correcting metabolizable energy values when food intake is close to maintenance requirement, especially with adult birds.

scholarly journals Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1195
Author(s):  
Claire E Andresen ◽  
Aksel W Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Carla Goad ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P > 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P > 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

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