Composition of the teat canal and intramammary microbiota of dairy cows subjected to antimicrobial dry cow therapy and internal teat sealant

The research work was designed to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practices about bovine mastitis. The data were collected by using structured questionnaire through face to face interview techniques among the 65 dairy farmers of Dhaka, Mymensingh, and Gazipur. Disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the farmers based on study areas. Most of the studied farms are small (75.4%) in the studied area, only a few (10.8%) farms were large in Dhaka. In Gazipur and Mymensingh almost (86.2%) firms were small and rest of (13.8%) was medium. According to farmer’s knowledge, major cause of mastitis was microorganisms (46.15%), but 20% farmer reported that it is due to injury and 27.69% farmer don’t know the causes of the mastitis. Most of the farmers (87.7%) think that the source of infection is unhygienic floor, but others have no clear conception about it. Before milking only 23.10% farmers’ wash the whole udder where 58.5% used single towel. About 76.9% farmers have no knowledge of screening mastitis and only 9.2% of total farmers performed regular mastitis checking. Among the farmers, 55.4% are used antiseptic solution during washing the floor and others wash their floor only by water. Highest number of farmer use Tube well water (44.6%) for daily management of their farms. Most of the farmer takes suggestions from village doctor or pharmaceutical representative (64.62%) for maintaining the diseases condition. This study recommends that identification of factors associated with sub-clinical mastitis will help to take necessary steps to reduce the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. The most effective way to control sub-clinical mastitis is to take preventive measures such as regular cleaning of the floor, keeping the udder clean, milkman's cleanliness, and dry cow therapy especially in high yielding dairy cows.

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Changes in teat parameters caused by milking and their recovery to their initial size

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-53-650-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 650-662

Author(s):

L. Stádník ◽

F. Louda ◽

J. Bezdíček ◽

A. Ježková ◽

M. Rákos

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Somatic Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Initial Size ◽

Linear Description ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Teat Canal ◽

Daily Milk

Abstract. Dairy cows of 2 breeds, 74 Holstein (H) and 72 Czech Fleckvieh (C) cows in the 1st (H, n=38; C, n=38) and 2nd lactation (H, n=36; C, n=34) during the 1st period (n=74; H, n=40; C, n=34; to 150 days) and the 2nd period of lactation (n=72; H, n=34; C, n=38; above 150 days) were observed. Differences in external and internal proportions of teat closely before (the 1st measurement), immediately after (the 2nd measurement) and 3 h after milking (the 3rd measurement), udder conformation evaluated by linear description, somatic cell count, daily milk yield and the time of milking were evaluated in relation to the effect of breed and period of lactation. The length of the teat canal, area of the teat end, and wall thickness were measured from the axial picture recorded by ultrasound Aloka SSD500 (Aloka Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Significant interbreed differences were detected in external as well as internal teat proportions (P<0.05–0.001). Relative changes of teat diameter, comparing C and H cows, differed significantly between the 1st and the 3rd measurement (P<0.05). The length of teat increased during milking and didn´t achieve the beginning size during 3 h after milking. Significant diiference in the length of teat between the 2nd measurement and the 3rd measurement was determined in H cows only (P<0.001). The most significant changes of the length of the teat canal and the area of teat were found in both breeds between values measured closely before and immediately after milking (P<0.5–0.001). Wall thickness was strengthen in C cows (+15.6 %) during the 2nd measurement according to the 1st (P<0.05), while difference represented +18 % (P<0.001) in H cows. Non-significantly higher values of external proportions of teat were measured in the 2nd period of lactation except diameter of teat closely before milking. Internal proportions of teat were always significantly higher in the 2nd period of lactation in relation to the 1st period. Prolongation of teat canal by 0.15 cm (P<0.01) closely before, by 0.16 cm (P<0.001) immediately after, and by 0.13 cm (P<0.01) 3 h after milking was measured in the 2nd period of lactation. The area of teat end measured before milking was significantly larger in the 2nd period of lactation (P<0.01).

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KERATIN LAYER OF DUCTUS PAPILLARIS AND ZINC BLOOD SERUM CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY COWS

Archives of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.46784/e-avm.v5i2.170 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 45-51

Author(s):

Ivana Davidov ◽

Miodrag Radinović ◽

Mihajlo Erdeljan ◽

Zorana Kovačević ◽

Dragica Stojanović

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Zinc Level ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Physiological Values ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Different Thickness ◽

Teat Canal ◽

Keratin Layer ◽

Friesian Cows

The experiment was carried out on a mini farm of Holstein-Friesian cows with 30 animals, aged between 3 and 5 years and the zinc level in serum was measured. The analyses of the blood samples indicated a variation in the concentration of zinc in serum. In 11 out of 15 tested cows (73.33%) the zinc values in serum were below the physiological values for high-milking cows. In the experimental group different thickness of the keratin layer was detected in the teat canal. The statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the concentration of zinc in cow serum and the thickness of teat canal keratin layer. This indicates that the cows with low values of zinc have thin keratin layer of the teat canal.

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Cellular Response of Neutrophils to Bismuth Subnitrate and Micronized Keratin Products In Vitro

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7030087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 87

Author(s):

Shirli Notcovich ◽

Norman B. Williamson ◽

Jimena Yapura ◽

Ynte Schukken ◽

Cord Heuer

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Cell Suspension ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Chemotaxis Assay ◽

Bismuth Subnitrate ◽

Bovine Neutrophils ◽

Teat Canal ◽

Density Results

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bismuth subnitrate and micronized keratin on bovine neutrophils in vitro. We hypothesized that recruitment and activation of neutrophils into the teat canal and sinus are the mechanisms of action of bismuth subnitrate and keratin-based teat sealant formulations. To test this, a chemotaxis assay (Experiment 1) and a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay (Experiment 2) were conducted in vitro. Blood was sampled from 12 mid-lactation dairy cows of variable ages. Neutrophils were extracted and diluted to obtain cell suspensions of approximately 106 cells/mL. In Experiment 1, test substances were placed in a 96-well plate, separated from the cell suspension by a 3 µm pore membrane and incubated for 3 h to allow neutrophils to migrate through the membrane. In Experiment 2, neutrophils were exposed to the test products and the amount of MPO released was measured by optical density. Results showed that neutrophils were not activated by bismuth or keratin products (p < 0.05) in all of the tests performed. These results suggest that the mechanisms of action of bismuth subnitrate and keratin-based teat sealants do not rely on neutrophil recruitment and activation in the teat canal and sinus after treatment.

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Effects of level and form of dietary zinc on dairy cattle performance and keratin production in the teat canal

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200029240 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 85-85

Author(s):

C Cope ◽

A M Mackenzie ◽

D Wilde ◽

L A Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Dairy Cow ◽

Organic Form ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cow Performance ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Teat Canal ◽

Recommended Level

The teat canal in dairy cows is lined with keratin, which is considered to be a natural physical and chemical barrier involved in providing resistance to bacteria gaining entry into the mammary gland. Keratin is partially removed during milking therefore requiring regeneration. It has been estimated that a cow needs to regenerate 1.3 mg per teat between each milking to replace the amount lost (Capuco et al., 1992). Zinc is important in the process of keratinisation and previous studies have reported an 2.4 kg/d increase in milk yield when supplemented with Zn in an organic form at the recommended level and an increase in somatic cell counts (SCC) in cattle receiving 0.66 of the recommended level of dietary Zn (Atkin et al., 2007), although mechanisms for this observation are unclear. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of level and form of Zn (organically chelated (Bioplex ZnTM; Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, USA) vs. inorganic (ZnO)) and no supplemental Zn on dairy cow performance and keratin production in the teat canal.

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029905000920 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 296-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Daniela Klein ◽

Martina Flöck ◽

Johannes Lorenz Khol ◽

Sonja Franz ◽

Hans Peter Stüger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Brown Swiss ◽

Udder Health ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Canal Diameter ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Breed Differences ◽

Teat Canal

The objective was to measure teat canal length and diameter, teat diameter and teat wall thickness by ultrasonographic scanning in order to determine the differences in bovine breeds, and to study the influence of teat canal length and diameter on the occurrence of mastitis. A total of 269 lactating dairy cows of four different breeds (Brown Swiss, Simmental, Simmental crossbred with Red Pied, and Holstein-Friesians) from seven Upper Austrian dairy farms were examined. Average teat canal length of Brown Swiss animals was shortest (15·7 mm) followed by Holstein-Friesians (17·2 mm) and Simmental (18·3 mm). These differences in teat canal length were highly significant (P[les ]0·001). There was no significant difference in teat canal length between pure-bred and crossbred Simmentals. Differences of teat canal diameter between breeds were significant (P[les ]0·05). Brown Swiss animals had the largest diameters (2·0 mm) and Holstein-Friesians the smallest (1·7 mm). Differences in teat diameter between Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Simmental were also significant. No differences were found between the pure-bred and crossbred Simmental cows. The narrowest teats were in Holstein-Friesians and the widest in Simmental. Holstein-Friesians also exhibited the thinnest teat walls while the Simmental had the thickest ones. Teat canal length and diameter were correlated with udder health. Teat canals of healthy udders tended to be longer (17·4 mm) and narrower (1·8 mm) than teat canals of infected udders (15·8 mm, 2·1 mm; P[les ]0·001). A logistic regression model showed significant effects of teat canal length, teat canal diameter and lactation number on udder health.

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