scholarly journals Decreased amylolytic microbes of the hindgut and increased blood glucose implied improved starch utilization in the small intestine by feeding rumen-protected leucine in dairy calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 4218-4235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Ren ◽  
Hanxun Bai ◽  
Xiaodong Su ◽  
Jie Pang ◽  
Xiaoyong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Starch Utilization

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2474
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Gromova ◽  
Serguei O. Fetissov ◽  
Andrey A. Gruzdkov
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Effect of diet on fasting blood glucose levels in dairy calves 1 to 13 weeks old

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Attebery ◽  
Harry W. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Constant Level ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Fasting Level ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Milk Solids

Fourteen male Holstein-Fresian calves, 3–4 days of age, were placed on one of four diets for a 13-week experimental period. The diets included the following: milk and milk solids; milk and grain; milk, grain, and hay, inoculated (rumen ingesta from a mature steer introduced via stomach tube into the rumen of an experimental calf); or milk and grain, inoculated. Significant differences were noted in the effect of diet, age, and the interaction of diet and age on the fasting level of blood glucose. The calves on the diet containing milk and milk solids maintained a constant level of fasting blood glucose; however, the inclusion of grain and hay in the diet resulted in a decline of the fasting blood glucose. The rumen inoculation of one of the groups of calves on the milk and grain diet did not result in a fasting blood glucose which was statistically different from that of the calves not inoculated. ruminant blood glucose; diet and age interaction; milk solids Submitted on February 26, 1963

scholarly journals Digestion and absorption of starch, maltose and lactose by the preruminant calf

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Coombe ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dietary Starch

1. Preruminant calves, some of which were equipped with re-entrant cannulas in the small intestine, were given liquid feeds in which various starches, maltose or lactose formed the sole source of carbohydrate.2. The sugars left the abomasum at the same rate as a water-soluble marker but the starches were greatly delayed. Little starch left the abomasum until about 5 h after feeding. Examination of abomasal contents 0.5 h after feeding showed the starch to be associated with the casein clot.3. Amounts of starch, maltose and lactose removed during the passage of digesta through the small intestine were about 60, 43 and 97% of intake respectively, with no marked difference with age between about 7 and 16 weeks.4. No change in blood glucose was apparent in calves given starch-containing feeds. The possible effect of the retention of dietary starch in the abomasum in minimizing blood glucose responses is discussed.

scholarly journals Multifaceted interplay among mediators and regulators of intestinal glucose absorption: potential impacts on diabetes research and treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (11) ◽  
pp. E887-E899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Ka Yu Chan ◽  
Po Sing Leung
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Glucose is the prominent molecule that characterizes diabetes and, like the vast majority of nutrients in our diet, it is absorbed and enters the bloodstream directly through the small intestine; hence, small intestine physiology impacts blood glucose levels directly. Accordingly, intestinal regulatory modulators represent a promising avenue through which diabetic blood glucose levels might be moderated clinically. Despite the critical role of small intestine in blood glucose homeostasis, most physiological diabetes research has focused on other organs, such as the pancreas, kidney, and liver. We contend that an improved understanding of intestinal regulatory mediators may be fundamental for the development of first-line preventive and therapeutic interventions in patients with diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. This review summarizes the major important intestinal regulatory mediators, discusses how they influence intestinal glucose absorption, and suggests possible candidates for future diabetes research and the development of antidiabetic therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Histochemical and biochemical study of rabbit intestine in healthy and affected by epizootic enteropathy animals

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
E. M. XYLOURI (Ε. Μ. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) ◽  
O. A. SABATAKOU (Ο. ΣΑΜΠΑΤΑΚΟΥ) ◽  
E. KALDRYMIDOU (Ε. ΚΑΛΔΡΥΜΙΔΟΥ) ◽  
K. A. SOTIRAKOGLOU (Α. Κ. ΣΩΤΗΡΑΚΟΓΛΟΥ) ◽  
G. M. FRAGKIADAKIS (Μ. Γ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Total Blood

Rabbits are suffering from Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy (ERE), a new gastro-intestinal syndrome of unknown aetiology. ERE has not yet been investigated thoroughly from the patho-physiological point of view of the intestine malfunction during the intestine dysbiosis. For this reason, the aim of the present research was to study the haematological profile, the intestine histopathology and certain biochemical parameters (α-amylase activity, blood glucose concentration) of animals affected by ERE in comparison with those of healthy rabbits of the same age. In six healthy and six, affected by ERE, crossbreed New Zealand X California 35-day old rabbits, the following analyses were performed: Total blood count, histopathological morphology of the intestine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) distribution in intestine brush border and α-amylase activity in blood plasma and small intestine epithelium, respectively. Total blood count showed significantly (at 95% confidence level) decreased values for all blood parameters except for the white blood cell count, which proved to be significantly higher compared in ERE rabbits to that of normal rabbits. The a-amylase activity and concentration in blood plasma and intestinal epithelium were significantly (a=0.05) decreased, in contrast to blood glucose concentration, that was found to be significantly increased in ERE rabbits. Stomach was full of watery content, intestine presented non-specific enteropathy and mainly the small intestine was full of gas and watery content. Caecal and colon presented impaction and mucus was present in the colon. The histopathological evaluation of the ileum, sacculus rotundus, caecum and colon presented, mainly, lamina propria mononuclear cell infiltration and swelling, vacuolation, flattening and denuding of the enterocytes as well as oedematous lymphoid tissues. Duodenum had necrotic villi and deep infiltration with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, within the lamina propria. Also swelling, vacuolation, flattening, enterocytes denuding and oedematous lymphoid tissue were observed. Jejunum had no lesions. The caecum and the colon presented an ALP positive reaction along the brush border of the epithelial cells. The small intestine presented a positive reaction along the brush border of intestinal glands-upper part- cells only and the bases of a few of the villi.

scholarly journals Study on the Mechanism of the Blood-Glucose-Lowering Effect of Collagen Peptides from Sturgeon By-Products

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Yukiho Sasaoka ◽  
Taichi Takagi ◽  
Shunta Michiba ◽  
Yohei Yamamoto ◽  
Yuya Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Collagen Peptides ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
By Products

In a previous study, we found that the collagen peptides prepared from the by-products of Bester sturgeon had an inhibitory effect on elevated blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test with ICR mice. In the present study, we examine the mechanism of the effect of sturgeon collagen peptides (SCPs) in detail. When glucose was orally administered to mice along with the SCPs, it was found that the glucose remained in the stomach for a longer time. In the above tests, the amount of glucose excreted in the feces of mice also increased. On the contrary, it was revealed that the SCPs have a dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory ability in an in vitro test. In subsequent oral and intravenous glucose administration tests, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels in the blood of mice were maintained at high levels. These results suggested the following three mechanisms: SCPs slow the rate of transportation of glucose from the stomach into the small intestine, resulting in delayed glucose absorption; SCPs suppress the absorption of glucose in the small intestine and excrete it from the body; SCPs inhibit DPP-IV in the blood and maintain a high GLP-1 level in blood, which in turn stimulates insulin secretion.

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