Compensatory Growth in Dairy Heifers: The Effect of a Compensatory Growth Pattern on Growth Rate and Lactation Performance

AbstractThe Baka Pygmies are known for their short stature resulting from a reduced growth rate during infancy. They are peculiar also for their teeth erupt earlier than in any other African population, and their posterior dentition is larger than in non-Pygmy populations. However, the Baka’s dental morphology, like several other aspects of their biology, is still understudied. Here, we explore the variation of the Baka’s deciduous upper and lower second molars (dm2s) in comparison to a geographically heterogeneous human sample by means of 3D geometric morphometrics and analysis of dental traits. Our results show that the different populations largely overlap based on the shape of their dm2s, especially the lower ones. Their distal region and the height of the dentinal crown differ the most, with the Baka showing the most extreme range of variation. Upper and lower dm2s covary to a great extent (RV = 0.82). The Baka’s and South Americans’ dm2s were confirmed among the largest in our sample. Despite the Baka’s unique growth pattern, long-lasting isolation, and extreme dental variation, it is not possible to distinguish them from other populations based on their dm2s’ morphology only.

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Effect of Phosphorus Supplementation on Growth Rate, Blood Minerals, and Conception Rate of Dairy Heifers

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)84125-8 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 60 (12) ◽

pp. 1932-1940 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

C.H. Noller ◽

A.G. Castro ◽

W.E. Wheeler ◽

D.L. Hill ◽

N.J. Moeller

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Conception Rate ◽

Dairy Heifers

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Local Behavior of the Tumor: Growth Pattern and Growth Rate

Radiologic Management of Musculoskeletal Tumors ◽

10.1007/978-1-4471-1418-5_5 ◽

1987 ◽

pp. 39-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Holger Pettersson ◽

Dempsey S. Springfield ◽

William F. Enneking

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Tumor Growth ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Local Behavior

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The Impacts of Compensatory Growth on Food Intake, Growth Rate and Efficiency of Feed Utilization in Thai Pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3923/pjbs.2005.766.770 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 766-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A.K.M. Rohul Amin . ◽

M.A.J. Bapary . ◽

M.S. Islam . ◽

M. Shahjahan . ◽

M.A.R. Hossain .

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Food Intake ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

Feed Utilization

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The effect of dam’s parity on the first lactation performance of dairy heifers

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600016093 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1986 ◽

pp. 102-102

Author(s):

S. J. Furniss ◽

A. Stroud ◽

H. Barrington ◽

S. P. J. Kirby ◽

J. P. Wray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Market Value ◽

Breeding Programme ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Beef Breed ◽

Genetic Merit ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Beef Bull ◽

Dairy Bulls ◽

First Time ◽

Genetic Index

Whether they are planning to calve for the first time at two or three years old Many farmers choose to serve their maiden dairy heifers (animals not previously served, (M. A. F. F. 1985)) with a beef breed recognised for giving easier calvings .Often the heifer breeding programme is not well supervised and it is a matter of convienience to use a resident beef bull.There are however,considerable advantages to serving heifers with dairy bulls including an increased number of heifer calves for selection or the ability to serve older, nature cows (animals that have commenced at least their first lactation (M. A. F. F. 1985))with a continental beef breed giving large calves of higher market value. Because heifers tend to be calved as a group they provide a batch of calves which can be concentrated upon, easing management and improving control over performance.If heifers are served by bulls of as higher genetic merit as would normally be used on cows then increased genetic turnover will raise the genetic index in the younger dam which should be reflected in her daughter’s performance.

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Shoot morphology and growth pattern in seedlings of Pinusbrutia provenances

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-029 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 188-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Roberto Calamassi ◽

Mauro Falusi ◽

Laura Mugnai

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

High Growth ◽

Growing Season ◽

Variable Number ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Academic Press ◽

Shoot Morphology ◽

Apical Bud ◽

Total Growth

The process of primary growth in 2-year-old seedlings of six Pinusbrutia Ten. provenances is described. At the end of the first growing season, two types of shoot morphology were observed: type 1, a terminal winter bud, and type 2, a terminal rosette of primary needles protecting the meristematic apex. During the 2nd year the seedlings exhibited a succession of shoots (varying in number from one to five), each of which was due to the elongation of a new apical bud. Morphological observations along with an anatomical examination of the winter bud led to the conclusion that the growth pattern in juvenile P. brutia is monocyclic with a variable number of summer shoots (using the terminology proposed by Lanner (Lanner, R.M. 1976. In Tree physiology and yield improvement. Editedby M.G.R. Cannell and F.T. Last. Academic Press, London, pp. 223-243)). The provenances studied differed both in growth potential and in seasonal growth pattern (differences in number of shoots, ratio of spring shoot to total growth, growth rate). Two groups could be identified: (i) the provenances of the island of Crete, which had a low growth potential and short growing season, and (ii) the high-altitude provenances of inland Turkey, with high growth potential and a growth rate that peaked in summer.

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The effect of three suckling regimes on the lactation performance of Cyprus fat-tailed, Chios and Awassi sheep and the growth rate of the lambs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100022467 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 293-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M. J. Lawlor ◽

A. Louca ◽

A. Mavrogenis

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Milk Replacer ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Lactation Length ◽

Awassi Sheep ◽

Creep Feed ◽

Total Milk ◽

Before And After

SUMMARYNinety-nine ewes, 33 from each of the Cyprus fat-tailed, Chios and Awassi breeds, were used to compare the effects of three suckling regimes on lactation. These consisted of weaning the lambs at birth (W0), 2 days (W2) and 35 days (W35). The 35-day, 150-day and total milk yields, as well as lactation length, were measured for each group. The lambs weaned from the ewes at birth and 2 days were reared on ewe-milk replacer. The growth rate of these lambs was compared with that of the lambs being suckled by their dams, before and after weaning.In all cases the milk yields of the Chios and Awassi breeds of sheep were significantly higher (P<0·01) than those of the Cyprus fat-tailed. Within each breed the 35-day milk yields of the ewes suckling one lamb were significantly higher (P<0·01) than those of the ewes on the W0 or W2 treatments, which themselves did not differ significantly. While the 150-day milk yields of the W35 treatment were significantly higher than those of the W0 or W2 treatments, the differences between suckling regimes in terms of total milk yield and lactation length were not significant. It is concluded that differences in milk yield obtained on different suckling regimes are attributable solely to the length of time that the lambs are suckled by their dams.Prior to weaning the growth rate of the lambs given the ewe-milk replacer was significantly lower than that of the lambs suckled by their dams. There were no differences in the growth rates of these groups of lambs when both were fattened on a creep feed after weaning.

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Post-weaning growth rate effects on body composition of Nellore bulls

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an19032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 852

Author(s):

Luiz H. P. Silva ◽

Pedro V. R. Paulino ◽

Pedro D. B. Benedeti ◽

Mauricio M. Estrada ◽

Lyvian C. Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Composition ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

High Growth ◽

High Growth Rate ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Rate Effects

Context Previously feed-restricted cattle may exhibit compensatory growth during the finishing phase. However, the efficiency in converting feed into carcass should be evaluated since cattle undergoing compensatory growth usually have high non-carcass weight gain. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth rate throughout the post-weaning growing phase on subsequent feed efficiency, carcass gain, and gain composition. Methods Thirty-nine weaned young Nellore bulls averaging 230.4 ± 5.62 kg of bodyweight and 8.5 ± 0.25 months of age were used. Initially, five bulls were slaughtered as a reference initial group. The remaining bulls were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional plans to achieve Low (0 kg/day), Medium (0.6 kg/day) or High (1.2 kg/day) average daily gain (ADG) throughout the post-weaning growing phase, followed by high growth rate during the finishing phase. One-half of the bulls from each treatment were slaughtered at the end of the post-weaning growing phase, and the other one-half after the finishing phase. During both phases the feed intake, apparent digestibility, performance, and body composition were evaluated. Key results Throughout the post-weaning growing phase, High bulls had greater ADG and more efficiently converted feed into carcass, compared with other nutritional plans (P < 0.01). Throughout the finishing phase, Low bulls had greater ADG, carcass gain, and feed efficiency than High and Medium bulls (P < 0.01). Previous feed restriction did not affect (P > 0.05) apparent digestibility. During the finishing phase, previously restricted bulls fully compensated for the lost visceral organ weight, whereas the losses of bodyweight and carcass weight were only partially compensated. Throughout finishing, Low bulls had the greatest feed efficiency and profitability among nutritional plans. However, considering the overall experiment, Hight bulls converted feed into carcass more efficiently than Low bulls (P = 0.02), but did not differ from Medium (P > 0.05). Conclusions Although previously restricted bulls had greater performance and efficiency throughout finishing, the improvement was not enough to reach the same carcass weight at the same age of the unrestricted bulls. Implications Despite the greater profitability of previously restricted bulls throughout finishing, unrestricted bulls were more profitable considering both growing and finishing phases.

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