scholarly journals Features of the Armed Conflicts in Indonesia and the Possibility of a Peaceful Settlement

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-115
Author(s):  
Olga L. Petrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
The Way

Determining the prospects and methods for the peaceful settlement of violent conflicts in a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state of Indonesia is associated with an assessment of the degree of objectivity of the underlying causes of such conflicts, primarily the nature of the underlying contradictions and the degree of possibility of their resolution. The way of countering violence as a method of achieving political and economic goals is a consistent limitation of the conflict development of ethno-confessional relations and separatist sentiments in some provinces of the country.

The Work of the International Law Commission, 2007–2011: Progress and Prospects

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald McRae
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Law Commission ◽  
Transboundary Aquifers ◽  
Law Commission ◽  
The Way

On November 17, 2011, the UN General Assembly elected the members of the International Law Commission for the next five years. In the course of the quinquennium that was completed in August 2011 with the end of the sixty-third session, the Commission concluded four major topics on its agenda: the law of transboundary aquifers, the responsibility of international organizations, the effect of armed conflicts on treaties, and reservations to treaties. It was by any standard a substantial output. The beginning of a new quinquennium now provides an opportunity to assess what the Commission has achieved, to consider the way it operates, and to reflect on what lies ahead for it.

Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.45 Conflict Refugees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouters Cornelis (Kees)
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Refugee Convention ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Dynamic Interpretation ◽  
Societal Structure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

Armed conflicts have always been and still are major causes of refugee movements. They invariably cause human suffering, destroying State and societal structure and affecting the lives of civilian populations. While it is difficult to contest that people should not be returned to conflict, different thinking and practices are discernable in relation to the applicable legal framework for providing refugee protection to people displaced across borders by conflict. These discrepancies arise in part from the way in which conflicts are understood; the way in which the definition of a refugee in the Refugee Convention has been interpreted and applied; and in part from limitations in the definition itself. Recognizing ‘conflict refugees’ as refugees within the international legal framework requires an understanding of the dynamics of conflicts and a dynamic interpretation of the refugee definitions at global and regional levels.

scholarly journals A Failure of Dedication: International Development NGOs in the Field of Violence Prevention

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Terlinden
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
International Development ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Lack Of Commitment ◽  
Development Ngos ◽  
Violent Conflicts

Most development NGOs have not explicitly committed themselves to the task of violence prevention in African armed conflicts, even though a growing number of the organisations are somehow active in this field. The article summarizes a study about the reasons behind this lack of commitment, which becomes visible in the discrepancy between NGOs' limited practice and their far greater potential and also harms the quality of the organisations’ activities. NGOs face difficulties that relate to the characteristics of violence prevention; however, these obstacles are not only a cause of the NGOs' hesitance, but also a consequence of it. This insight, together with the undeniable linkages between violence prevention and development and the account of a number of good experiences, call for an explicit and comprehensive commitment by the organisations to preventive action in violent conflicts. Such a commitment must involve an advocacy strategy that complements NGO field activities, mobilising donor governments for peaceful conflict resolution instead of facilitating their disengagement.

Violent Conflicts and Neutral Legations: A Case Study of the Spanish and Swiss Legations in Wartime Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Lottaz
Keyword(s):  
Regular Representation ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
International Environment ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
The Way ◽  
At Home

AbstractThis article explores the way in which the Spanish and the Swiss legations in Japan acted and reacted to violent change in the international environment. By looking at the period of Japanese wartime aggression in Asia and the Pacific from 1931–1945, it analyzes key moments for both diplomatic missions, when changes abroad or at home led their respective diplomats to take a stance beyond the regular representation of national interests. The article argues that violent conflicts impacted the diplomatic behavior of the legations in Japan heavily. They were shaped by new policies in reaction to the violence, while sometimes also engaging in shaping such policies themselves.

Thinking Differently about Conflict Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Richard Ned Lebow
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Thinking Differently ◽  
Alternative Set ◽  
The Way

Competition between America and China has intensified since 2009. The authors contend that there are two underlying causes of conflict: Sino-American competition is more a clash of egos than of interests, and the faulty conceptions leaders and intellectuals in both countries use to understand one another’s motives and foreign policies ratchet up tensions. The authors challenge many of the principal strategies the two countries have pursued, not only the way in which they have been applied. Some of these strategies are based on superficial learning and false historical lessons. This chapter lays the foundation for an alternative set of conceptions that are more appropriate to Sino-American relations and whose application would make it possible for both nations to buttress their self-esteem in less confrontational ways.

Kann innerstaatlicher Frieden verhandelt werden?

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Giessmann
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lasting Peace ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Causes Of Violence

Armed conflicts resulting from a broken social contract are protracted, intricate, and often systemic. When they finally end, negotiations alone do not eliminate the underlying causes of violence. In the past, many negotiated solutions failed because the driving forces of political and social violence persisted, and negotiations did not result in a genuine peace process. Against this background, dialogue and mediation approaches are gaining support for the goal of bringing lasting peace to intra-state conflicts. They too have their pitfalls, if considered the better alternative without reflection. For the peace process in Afghanistan, the comparative analysis of the three approaches of negotiation, dialogue and mediation is above all a case for wise linkage.

scholarly journals Talks before the talks: Effects of pre-negotiation on reaching peace agreements in intrastate armed conflicts, 2005–15

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234332096115
Author(s):  
Lindsey Doyle ◽  
Lukas Hegele
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Intrastate Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
The Way

Pre-negotiation is widely accepted as a means to convince intrastate conflict parties to negotiate formally; however, research has not yet established a causal link between early efforts to bring warring parties together and the outcome of any negotiated settlement. This gap begs the question: To what extent do activities during the pre-negotiation phase contribute to the signing of a peace agreement? Theory on interstate conflict suggests that pre-negotiation reduces risk, thereby convincing conflict parties that they have more to gain from negotiating than from fighting. However, in conflicts between governments and non-state armed actors, this article argues that reciprocity paves the way for reaching peace agreements. This article introduces a new dataset on pre-negotiation including nearly all intrastate armed conflicts between 2005 and 2015. Confirming previous findings, mediation is significantly and positively correlated with reaching a type of peace agreement; conflicts over government are more likely to end in a negotiated agreement than conflicts over territory or both government and territory. In contrast to existing qualitative research, this study finds little evidence that pre-negotiation increases the likelihood that conflict dyads sign peace agreements. Future quantitative research on this topic requires more nuanced measures of the conditions under which conflict parties shift from unilateral to joint decisionmaking.

'Gentry Society

1953 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin G. Pulleyblank
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Events ◽  
Subsequent Publication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Way

Wolfram eberhard's recent A History of China has attracted great interest. Reviewers have praised it for its readability and broad sweep and for the way in which it goes beyond a mere chronicle of political and cultural events and tries to penetrate to underlying causes. At the same time they have noted many errors of detail and have expressed surprise and incredulity at the many new generalizations presented with an air of established finality. It was, of course, impossible for Eberhard to present detailed evidence or argumentation in support of his views in a brief general history. The subsequent publication of Das Toba-Reich Nordchinas and Conquerors and Rulers has enabled us to form a better judgment of the value of at least a part of his work.

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