scholarly journals Talks before the talks: Effects of pre-negotiation on reaching peace agreements in intrastate armed conflicts, 2005–15

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234332096115
Author(s):  
Lindsey Doyle ◽  
Lukas Hegele
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Intrastate Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
The Way

Pre-negotiation is widely accepted as a means to convince intrastate conflict parties to negotiate formally; however, research has not yet established a causal link between early efforts to bring warring parties together and the outcome of any negotiated settlement. This gap begs the question: To what extent do activities during the pre-negotiation phase contribute to the signing of a peace agreement? Theory on interstate conflict suggests that pre-negotiation reduces risk, thereby convincing conflict parties that they have more to gain from negotiating than from fighting. However, in conflicts between governments and non-state armed actors, this article argues that reciprocity paves the way for reaching peace agreements. This article introduces a new dataset on pre-negotiation including nearly all intrastate armed conflicts between 2005 and 2015. Confirming previous findings, mediation is significantly and positively correlated with reaching a type of peace agreement; conflicts over government are more likely to end in a negotiated agreement than conflicts over territory or both government and territory. In contrast to existing qualitative research, this study finds little evidence that pre-negotiation increases the likelihood that conflict dyads sign peace agreements. Future quantitative research on this topic requires more nuanced measures of the conditions under which conflict parties shift from unilateral to joint decisionmaking.

scholarly journals Peace Governance and Multiculturalism: What role for Peace Education in the Balkans

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Georgieva
Keyword(s):  
Peace Education ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Violent Conflicts

This article will focus on theoretical and practical dilemmas related to the concept of peace governance, and within this context on the possible transformative role of peace education trough facilitation of contact between communities in conflict. The basic assumption is that violent conflicts in the Balkans have been resolved trough negotiated settlements and peace agreements. Yet, education strategy including peace education and its impact on post-conflict peacebuilding and reconciliation are underestimated. Peace governance is recognized as a dynamic but challenging process often based on institutional and policy arrangements aimed to at least settle conflict dynamics or in some cases even to provide more sustainable peace after signing of negotiated settlement in multicultural societies. We will argue that education in general is one of the critical issues of peace governance arrangements that could facilitate peacebuilding and create a contact platform between communities. The first question addressed in this article is to what extend peace agreements refer to education as an issue and the second one relate to the question if education is included in peace agreement to what extent it contributes for contact between different conflicting communities. Although it is widely accepted that contacts between former adversaries contributes for multicultural dialogue it is less known or explained if and in what way peace agreements provisions on education facilitate contact and transformation of conflicting relations.

scholarly journals Women, peace and international security: the Havana Agreement for peace in Colombia

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Elena DE OLIVEIRA SCHUCK ◽  
Lívia BRITO
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
The Government

Armed conflicts have different impacts on women. In this regard, women’s civil society organizations are inserted in the international political arenas in order to guarantee their rights in warfare contexts. In the case of conflicts in Colombia, women are identified not only as combatants and victims, but also as members of women civil organizations for peacebuilding. These organizations played a prominent role in the elaboration of the peace agreement between the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in Havana, Cuba, between 2012 and 2016. This article proposes an analysis of the theoretical production on peace, international security, feminism and subalternity, to present the specific case of the conflict in Colombia and its gender perspectives. The results indicate that peace agreements can be instruments of political inclusion and reparation for women affected by armed conflicts. In highlighting the role of political minorities in the international peace negotiations in Colombia, this research contributes to the development and expansion of critical perspectives —feminist and subaltern— on international security and studies for peace. Moreover, building upon the specific analysis of the Havana Agreement, this paper aims to contribute to the inclusion of a gender perspective in future peace agreements.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Perceptual Foundations

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Barnham
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Factual Data ◽  
The Way

The way in which quantitative research and qualitative research are conventionally contrasted with each other runs along familiar lines – the former is seen as offering 'hard', 'factual' data, while the latter is depicted as softer, as providing deeper insight, but at the expense of being necessarily more 'interpretivist' and 'subjective' in its approach. Seldom is it recognised that this way of distinguishing the two methodologies is, in fact, rooted in our quantitatively determined beliefs about human experience. This paper aims to uncover these assumptions and to identify how they are rooted in our underlying preconceptions about the perceptual process itself. It outlines a new platform upon which the distinction between quantitative and qualitative research can be established and which links the latter with semiotics.

scholarly journals Illocutionary act between barista and customers in starbucks coffee shop at Changi airport

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Isbandi Isbandi ◽  
Nurma Dhona Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Coffee Shop ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
Illocutionary Act ◽  
The Way

This research primarily aimed to analyse the types of the illocutionary act proposed by Searle (1979),  secondly to find the dominant type produced by both sides, between barista and customers’ utterances at Starbucks coffeeshop Changi Airport. This research applied observational method and non-participatory technique as the way collecting the data. The design of this research were qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is applied to analyse the data in the form text. In contrast, quantitative research used to count the number of utterances, to conclude which types of illocutionary acts find dominantly during the conversation. It was found that directive, representative, and expressive types were in the utterances. Meanwhile, commissive and declaration type did not find in the utterances. The result from this study showed that directives illocutionary act as the most frequently found in utterances, because the communication which takes place in coffeeshop between the baristas and customers usually only needed to ordering and just give information (informing).

scholarly journals Introducing PA-X: A new peace agreement database and dataset

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Bell ◽  
Sanja Badanjak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Transition Processes ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Conflict Termination ◽  
Implementation Data

This article introduces PA-X, a peace agreement database designed to improve understanding of negotiated pathways out of conflict. PA-X enables scholars, mediators, conflict parties and civil society actors to systematically compare how peace and transition processes formalize negotiated commitments in an attempt to move towards peace. PA-X provides an archive and comprehensive census of peace agreements using a broad definition to capture agreements at all phases of peace processes in both intrastate and interstate conflict, from 1990 to 2016. These comprise ceasefire, pre-negotiation, substantive (partial and comprehensive), and implementation agreements, disaggregated by country/entity, region, conflict type, agreement type and stage of agreement totalling over 1,500 agreements in more than 140 peace and transition processes. PA-X provides the full text of agreements, and qualitative and quantitative coding of 225 categories relating to politics, law, security, development and implementation. Data can be aggregated or merged with conflict datasets, effectively providing many datasets within one database. PA-X supports new comparative research on peace agreements, but also on peace processes – enabling tracing of how actors and issues change over time – to inform understandings of conflict termination. We illustrate PA-X applications by showing that an intricate peace process history correlates with reduced likelihood of conflict recurrence, and that cumulative provisions addressing elections see the quality of subsequent post-conflict elections improve.

scholarly journals Peace agreements in armed conflicts: focusing on finding a solution to the conflict incompatibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
S. Hogbladh
Keyword(s):  
Peace Process ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Conflict Termination

The Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s (UCDP) Peace Agreement Dataset was first published in 2006. Its main goal was to provide the research community with a dataset on peace agreements that was not linked to conflict termination, i. e. included both successful and failed agreements. The latest update of the dataset includes 355 peace agreements concluded in the 1975–2018 period. A number of studies have been based on the dataset over the years. The dataset is unique in its strict connection to the UCDP conflict data and in its focus on the conflict dyad, actors, and the conflict incompatibility. The dataset’s focus on only those agreements that involve the dyadic relationship between primary warring parties – between governments and rebel groups or between two governments – has direct policy implications, as it is exactly these parties who need to change their stances on incompatibilities in order to solve a conflict. Also, the Peace Agreement Dataset’s focus on agreements that address the key incompatibilities contested by the parties allow it to distinguish peace agreements on other negotiated deals, including ceasefires, and to differentiate between full, partial and peace process agreements. Finally, the analysis of key trends in peace agreements is presented. It shows that in contrast to the previous historical peak in the number of armed conflicts back in the early 1990s that corresponded to the peak in annual numbers of peace agreements, the new peak in annual numbers of armed conflicts in the late 2010s was not matched by a similar rise in peace agreements.

Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North Sumatera in Political Debates

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Dwi Amalia Zati ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The Way ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objectives of the research were to describe the types of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, to derive the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera and to elaborate the way of five governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. This research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative research. The findings show that there were only four types of speech acts used in televised political debates, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara, they were assertives, directives, commissives and expressives. The dominant type of speech acts used in both televised political debates was assertives, with 82 utterances or 51.6% in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and 36 utterances or 41.37% in Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. The way of governor candidates of North Sumatera used speech acts in televised political debates is in direct speech acts, they spoke straight to the point and clearly in order to make the other candidates and audiences understand their utterances.   Keywords: Governor Candidate; Political Debate; Speech Acts

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN SUBTITLE OF “BOYCHOIR” MOVIE

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Nilda Iman Syahrani ◽  
Amri Tanduklangi ◽  
Muhammad Khusnun Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
Translation Procedure ◽  
The Way

The purposes of this study are to anlyze the translation procedure and the way of the translator in translating the subtitle of Boychoir movie. The scope of this study is focused   on   the   type   of   translation   procedures   in translating the subtitle movie and also analyze the way of the translator in translating the subtitle on Newmark’s (1988:81) translation procedures which the procedures consist of 18 types. The methodology of this study was qualitative research. The researcher analyzed the data descriptively and presented the analysis result in the explanation form and supported by data presented in the form of table. In analyzing the data the procedures were as follows: juxtaposing both of English and Indonesian version, identifying, analyzing and classifying, and calculating the total numbers. The translation procedures found in the subtitle of the movie were literal translation, transference, naturalisation, cultural      equivalent, functional equivalent, synonymy, transpositions, modulation,     reduction     and     expansion, couplets. Keywords: Translation, Translation procedure, Subtitle, Boychoir movie

Change, Challenges, and Mixed Methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeasik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Evaluation Strategy ◽  
Validity Criteria ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses three ongoing issues related to the evaluation of qualitative research. First, the chapter considers whether a set of evaluation criteria is either determinative or changeable. Due to the evolving nature of qualitative research, it is likely that the way in which qualitative research is evaluated can change—not all at once, but gradually. Second, qualitative research has been criticized by newly resurrected positivists whose definitions of scientific research and evaluation criteria are narrow. “Politics of evidence” and a recent big-tent evaluation strategy are examined. Last, this chapter analyzes how validity criteria of qualitative research are incorporated into the evaluation of mixed methods research. The elements of qualitative research seem to be fairly represented but are largely treated as trivial. A criterion, the fit of research questions to design, is identified as distinctive in the review guide of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research.

scholarly journals Fragmented Ethnopolitical Social Representations of a Territorial Peace Agreement: The Mindanao Peace Talks

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Jayme Montiel ◽  
Judith M. de Guzman ◽  
Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Agreement Study ◽  
Social Landscapes

This article examines fractures in the social representations of a contested peace agreement in the longstanding territorial conflict of Mindanao. We compared representational structures and discourses about the peace talks among Muslims and Christians. Study One used an open-ended survey of 420 Christians and Muslims from two Mindanao cities identified with different Islamised tribes, and employed the hierarchical evocation method to provide representational structures of the peace agreement. Study Two contrasted discourses about the Memorandum of Agreement between two Muslim liberation fronts identified with separate Islamised tribes in Mindanao. Findings show unified Christians’ social representations about the peace agreement. However, Muslims’ social representations diverge along the faultlines of the Islamised ethnic groups. Findings are examined in the light of ethnopolitical divides that emerge among apparently united nonmigrant groups, as peace agreements address territorial solutions. Research results are likewise discussed in relation to other tribally contoured social landscapes that carry hidden, yet fractured ethnic narratives embedded in a larger war storyline.

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