scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a nationwide analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hormuzdiyar H. Dasenbrock ◽  
Robert F. Rudy ◽  
Pui Man Rosalind Lai ◽  
Timothy R. Smith ◽  
Kai U. Frerichs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysm ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Severity Scale ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVEAlthough cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for cerebral aneurysm development and rupture, there are limited data evaluating the impact of smoking on outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Additionally, two recent studies suggested that nicotine replacement therapy was associated with improved neurological outcomes among smokers who had sustained an SAH compared with smokers who did not receive nicotine.METHODSPatients who underwent endovascular or microsurgical repair of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS, 2009–2011) and stratified by cigarette smoking. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed in-hospital mortality, complications, tracheostomy or gastrostomy placement, and discharge to institutional care (a nursing or an extended care facility). Additionally, the composite NIS-SAH outcome measure (based on mortality, tracheostomy or gastrostomy, and discharge disposition) was evaluated, which has been shown to have excellent agreement with a modified Rankin Scale score greater than 3. Covariates included in regression constructs were patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, socioeconomic status, comorbidities (including hypertension, drug and alcohol abuse), the NIS-SAH severity scale (previously validated against the Hunt and Hess grade), treatment modality used for aneurysm repair, and hospital characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was performed matching smokers to nonsmokers on age, sex, number of comorbidities, and NIS-SAH severity scale score.RESULTSAmong the 5784 admissions evaluated, 37.1% (n = 2148) had a diagnosis of tobacco use, of which 31.1% (n = 1800) were current and 6.0% (n = 348) prior tobacco users. Smokers were significantly younger (mean age 51.4 vs 56.2 years) and had more comorbidities compared with nonsmokers (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in mortality, total complications, or neurological complications by smoking status. However, compared with nonsmokers, smokers had significantly decreased adjusted odds of tracheostomy or gastrostomy placement (11.9% vs 22.7%, odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51–0.78, p < 0.001), discharge to institutional care (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57–0.89, p = 0.002), and a poor outcome (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55–0.77, p < 0.001). Similar statistical associations were noted in the matched-pairs sensitivity analysis and in a subgroup of poor-grade patients (the upper quartile of the NIS-SAH severity scale).CONCLUSIONSIn this nationwide study, smokers experienced SAH at a younger age and had a greater number of comorbidities compared with nonsmokers, highlighting the negative ramifications of cigarette smoking among patients with cerebral aneurysms. However, smoking was also associated with paradoxical superior outcomes on some measures, and future research to confirm and further understand the basis of this relationship is needed.

scholarly journals Effects of distance and transport method on intervention and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Weyhenmeyer ◽  
Cristian F. Guandique ◽  
Adam Leibold ◽  
Stephen Lehnert ◽  
Jonathan Parish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Care Center ◽  
External Ventricular Drain ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Coordinated Care ◽  
Interhospital Transfer ◽  
Transport Method

OBJECTIVEMost patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) initially present to a hospital that lacks a neurosurgical unit. These patients require interhospital transfer (IHT) to tertiary facilities capable of multidisciplinary neurosurgical intervention. Yet, little is known about the effects of IHT on the outcomes of patients suffering from aSAH. In this study, the authors examined the effects of IHT and transport method on the timing of treatment, rebleed rates, and overall outcomes of patients who have experienced aSAH.METHODSA retrospective review of medical records identified all consecutive patients who presented with aSAH at an outside hospital and subsequently underwent IHT to a tertiary aneurysm care center and patients who initially presented directly to a tertiary aneurysm care facility between 2008 and 2015. Demographic, operative, radiological, hospital of initial evaluation, transfer method, and outcome data were retrospectively collected.RESULTSThe authors identified 763 consecutive patients who were evaluated for aSAH at a tertiary aneurysm care facility either directly or following IHT. For patients who underwent IHT and after accounting for these patients' clinical variability and dichotomizing the patients into groups transferred less than 20 miles and more than 20 miles, the authors noted a significant increase in mortality rates: 7% (< 20 miles) and 18.8% (> 20 miles) (p = 0.004). The increased mortality rate was partially explained by an increased rate of initial presentation to an accredited stroke center in patients undergoing IHT of less than 20 miles (p = 0.000). The method of transport (ground or air ambulance) was found to have significant effect on the patients' outcomes as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale score (p = 0.021); patients who underwent ground transport demonstrated a higher likelihood of discharge to home (p = 0.004). The increased severity of presentation in the patient cohort undergoing IHT by air as defined by the Glasgow Coma Scale score, a need for an external ventricular drain, Hunt and Hess grade, and intubation status at presentation did not result in increased mortality when compared with the ground cohort (p = 0.074). In addition, there was an 8-hour increase in duration of time from admission to treatment for the air cohort as compared with the ground cohort (p = 0.054), indicating a potential for further improvement in the overall outcome of this patient group.CONCLUSIONSAneurysmal SAH remains a challenging neurosurgical disease process requiring highly coordinated care in tertiary referral centers. In this study, the overall distance traveled and the transport method affected patient outcomes. The time from admission to treatment should continue to improve. Further analysis of IHT with a focus on patient monitoring and treatment during transport is warranted.

Abstract TP425: The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on 1-Month Outcomes Post Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Prescott ◽  
Xueyuan Cao ◽  
Brandon Baughman ◽  
Ansley Stanfill
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) carries high disability rates. Depression and anxiety are also common for survivors, but little work has been done to investigate the role of social determinants of health (SDOH) on such outcomes. The purpose of this abstract is to examine the impact of SDOH on physical disability, depression, and anxiety at 1-month post-aSAH, in order to better identify factors that are amenable to intervention to improve quality of life for these patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of aSAH patients (selected by ICD-9/10 code) seen at a high-volume neurology and neurosurgery clinic from 2002-2018. Standard patient demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. The outcomes of physical disability, depression, and anxiety were also collected at 1-month post-aSAH. The studied SDOH characteristics were: race, gender, marital status, employment, smoking, drug/alcohol use, and household income level category (defined as low or middle income per US Census Bureau standards). Results: These patients (N=970) were 52.9 (±14.5) years old, 59.5% Caucasian, and 67.4% female. In addition to stroke severity measures (i.e., Hunt/Hess Grade, Fisher, GCS at time of admission), physical disability at 1-month was also associated with female gender, drug abuse, and low household income ( p ≤0.05). Depression at 1-month was not associated with stroke severity measures but was associated with these same SDOH factors and also with unemployment prior to aSAH ( p <0.0001). Anxiety was not associated with drug abuse or income in this group. Race, marital status, and smoking history were not found to be associated with these 1-month outcomes. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that measures of SDOH should be included in addition to clinical variables in a comprehensive predictive model of outcomes post-aSAH.

Secondary hemorrhagic complications in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: when the impact hits hard

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Darkwah Oppong ◽  
Kathrin Buffen ◽  
Daniela Pierscianek ◽  
Annika Herten ◽  
Yahya Ahmadipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Minor Bleeding ◽  
Thrombolytic Agents ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Hemorrhagic Complications ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVEClinical data on secondary hemorrhagic complications (SHCs) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are sparse and mostly limited to ventriculostomy-associated SHCs. This study aimed to elucidate the incidence, risk factors, and impact on outcome of SHCs in a large cohort of SAH patients.METHODSAll consecutive patients with ruptured aneurysms treated between January 2003 and June 2016 were eligible for this study. Patients’ charts were reviewed for clinical data, and imaging studies were reviewed for radiographic data. SHCs were divided into those associated with ventriculostomy and those not associated with ventriculostomy, as well as into major and minor bleeding forms, depending on clinical impact.RESULTSSixty-two (6.6%) of the 939 patients included in the final analysis developed SHCs. Ventriculostomy-associated bleedings (n = 16) were independently predicted by mono- or dual-antiplatelet therapy after aneurysm treatment (p = 0.028, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 10.28; and p = 0.026, aOR = 14.25, respectively) but showed no impact on functional outcome after SAH. Periinterventional use of thrombolytic agents for early effective anticoagulation was the only independent predictor (p = 0.010, aOR = 4.27) of major SHCs (n = 38, 61.3%) in endovascularly treated patients. In turn, a major SHC was independently associated with poor outcome at the 6-month follow-up (modified Rankin Scale score > 3). Blood thinning drug therapy prior to SAH was not associated with SHC risk.CONCLUSIONSSHCs present a rare sequela of SAH. Antiplatelet therapy during (but not before) SAH increases the risk of ventriculostomy-associated bleedings, but without further impact on the course and outcome of SAH. The use of thrombolytic agents for early effective anticoagulation carries relevant risk for major SHCs and poor outcome.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in soluble epoxide hydrolase: association with outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross P. Martini ◽  
Jonathan Ward ◽  
Dominic A. Siler ◽  
Jamie M. Eastman ◽  
Jonathan W. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Glasgow Outcome Scale ◽  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Neurological Deterioration ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Functional Polymorphisms

Object Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are at high risk for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and stroke. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play an important role in cerebral blood flow regulation and neuroprotection after brain injury. Polymorphisms in the gene for the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which inactivates EETs, are associated with ischemic stroke risk and neuronal survival after ischemia. This prospective observational study of patients with SAH compares vital and neurologic outcomes based on functional polymorphisms of sEH. Methods Allelic discrimination based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to differentiate wild-type sEH from K55R heterozygotes (predictive of increased sEH activity and reduced EETs) and R287Q heterozygotes (predictive of decreased sEH activity and increased EETs). The primary outcome was new stroke after SAH. Secondary outcomes were death, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and neurological deterioration attributable to DCI. Results Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age at admission and Glasgow Coma Scale scores revealed an increase in the odds of new stroke (OR 5.48 [95% CI 1.51–19.91]) and death (OR 7.52 [95% CI 1.27–44.46]) in the K55R group, but no change in the odds of new stroke (OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.16–1.96]) or death (OR 3.09 [95% CI 0.51–18.52]) in patients with R287Q genotype, compared with wild-type sEH. The R287Q genotype was associated with reduced odds of having a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of ≤ 3 (OR 0.23 [95% CI 0.06–0.82]). There were no significant differences in the odds of neurological deterioration due to DCI. Conclusions Genetic polymorphisms of sEH are associated with neurological and vital outcomes after aneurysmal SAH.

THE IMPACT OF BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY ON THE EVOLUTION OF VASOSPASM-RELATED INFARCTION AFTER ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

Neurosurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Jestaedt ◽  
Mirko Pham ◽  
Andreas J. Bartsch ◽  
Ekkehard Kunze ◽  
Klaus Roosen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Balloon Angioplasty ◽  
Anterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Fisher Grade ◽  
The Impact

Abstract OBJECTIVE Vasospasm of the cerebral vessels remains a major source for morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of infarction after transluminal balloon angioplasty (TBA) in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. METHODS We studied 38 patients (median Hunt and Hess Grade II and median Fisher Grade 4) with angiographically confirmed severe vasospasm (&gt;70% vessel narrowing). A total of 118 vessels with severe vasospasm in the anterior circulation were analyzed. Only the middle cerebral artery, including the terminal internal carotid artery, was treated with TBA (n = 57 vessel segments), whereas the anterior cerebral artery was not treated (n = 61 vessel segments). For both the treated and the untreated vessel territories, infarction on unenhanced computed tomographic scan was assessed as a marker for adverse outcome. RESULTS Infarction after TBA occurred in four middle cerebral artery territories (four out of 57 [7%]), whereas the infarction rate was 23 out of 61 (38%) in the anterior cerebral artery territories not subjected to TBA (P &lt; 0.001, Fisher exact test). Three procedure-related complications occurred during TBA (dissection, n = 1; temporary vessel occlusions, n = 2). One of these remained asymptomatic, whereas this may have contributed to the development of infarction on follow-up computed tomographic scans in two cases. CONCLUSION In a population of patients with a high risk of infarction resulting from vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, the frequency of infarction in the distribution of vessels undergoing TBA amounts to 7% and is significantly lower than in vessels not undergoing TBA despite some risk inherent to the procedure.

scholarly journals Proximity to the Treating Centre and Outcomes Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cian J. O'Kelly ◽  
Julian Spears ◽  
David Urbach ◽  
M. Christopher Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Early Complications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract:Background:In the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the potential for early complications and the centralization of limited resources often challenge the delivery of timely neurosurgical care. We sought to determine the impact of proximity to the accepting neurosurgical centre on outcomes following aneurysmal SAH.Methods:Using administrative data, we analyzed patients undergoing treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at neurosurgical centres in Ontario between 1995 and 2004. We compared mortality for patients receiving treatment at a centre in their county (in-county) versus those treated from outside counties (out-of-county). We also examined the impact of distance from the patient's residence to the treating centre.Results:The mortality rates were significantly lower for in-county versus out-of-county patients (23.5% vs. 27.6%, p=0.009). This advantage remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders (HR=0.84, p=0.01). The relationship between distance from the treating centre and mortality was biphasic. Under 300km, mortality increased with increasing distance. Over 300km, a survival benefit was observed.Conclusions:Proximity to the treating neurosurgical centre impacts survival after aneurysmal SAH. These results have significant implications for the triage of these critically ill patients.

scholarly journals Impact of Hyperoxia and Hypocapnia on Neurological Outcomes in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kin Chio Li ◽  
Catherine Wing Yan Tam ◽  
Hoi-Ping Shum ◽  
Wing Wa Yan
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Classification Tree Analysis ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

In recent decades, there is increasing evidence suggesting that hyperoxia and hypocapnia are associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients with cardiac arrest or traumatic brain injury. Yet, the impact of hyperoxia and hypocapnia on neurological outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been well studied. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of hyperoxia and hypocapnia on neurological outcomes in patients with aneurysmal SAH (aSAH). Patients with aSAH who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital in Hong Kong between January 2011 and December 2016 were retrospectively recruited. Patients’ demographics, comorbidities, radiological findings, clinical grades of SAH, PO2, and PCO2 within 24 hours of ICU admission, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 3 months after admission were recorded. Patients with a GOS score of 3 or less were considered having poor neurological outcomes. Among the 244 patients with aSAH, 122 of them (50%) had poor neurological outcomes at 3 months. Early hyperoxia (PO2 > 200 mmHg) and hypercapnia (PCO2 > 45 mmHg) were more common among patients with poor neurological outcomes. Logistic regression analysis indicated that hyperoxia independently predicted poor neurological outcomes (OR 3.788, 95% CI 1.131–12.690, P=0.031). Classification tree analysis revealed that hypocapnia was associated with poor neurological outcomes in patients who were less critically ill (APACHE < 50) and without concomitant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (adjusted P=0.006, χ2 = 7.452). These findings suggested that hyperoxia and hypocapnia may be associated with poor neurological outcomes in patients with aSAH.

Association of renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph J. Griessenauer ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Paul M. Foreman ◽  
Michelle H. Chua ◽  
Nilesh A. Vyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysm ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

OBJECTIVERenin-angiotensin system (RAS) genetic polymorphisms are thought to play a role in cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. The Cerebral Aneurysm Renin-Angiotensin System (CARAS) study prospectively evaluated common RAS polymorphisms and their relation to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).METHODSThe CARAS study prospectively enrolled aSAH patients and controls at 2 academic centers in the United States. A blood sample was obtained from all patients for genetic evaluation and measurement of plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) concentration. Common RAS polymorphisms were detected using 5′ exonuclease (TaqMan) genotyping assays and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.RESULTSTwo hundred forty-eight patients were screened, and 149 aSAH patients and 50 controls were available for analysis. There was a recessive effect of the C allele of the angiotensinogen (AGT) C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (OR 1.94, 95% CI 0.912–4.12, p = 0.0853) and a dominant effect of the G allele of the angiotensin II receptor Type 2 (AT2) G/A SNP (OR 2.11, 95% CI 0.972–4.57, p = 0.0590) on aSAH that did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for potential confounders. The ACE level was significantly lower in aSAH patients with the II genotype (17.6 ± 8.0 U/L) as compared with the ID (22.5 ± 12.1 U/L) and DD genotypes (26.6 ± 14.2 U/L) (p = 0.0195).CONCLUSIONSThe AGT C/T and AT2 G/A polymorphisms were not significantly associated with aSAH after controlling for potential confounders. However, a strong trend was identified for a dominant effect of the G allele of the AT2 G/A SNP. Downregulation of the local RAS may contribute to the formation of cerebral aneurysms and subsequent presentation with aSAH. Further studies are required to elucidate the relevant pathophysiology and its potential implication in treatment of patients with aSAH.

Efficacy of transluminal angioplasty for the management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Polin ◽  
Volker A. Coenen ◽  
Carolyn Apperson Hansen ◽  
Peter Shin ◽  
Mustafa K. Baskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Cerebral Vasospasm ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Transluminal angioplasty has become a widely used adjunct therapy to medical management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite anecdotal reports of universal, angiographically confirmed reversal of vasospasm and high rates of clinical improvement, no rigorous examination of the efficacy of this procedure has been conducted. In this study the authors assess the efficacy of the aforementioned procedure.Methods. Thirty-eight patients enrolled as part of the North American trial of tirilazad in aneurysmal SAH underwent transluminal angioplasty for symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. Fifty-three percent of these patients showed good recovery or moderate disability based on their 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale score.Among the 38 patients who underwent angioplasty, the severity and type of vasospasm, use of papaverine in addition to balloon angioplasty, timing of treatment, and dose of study drug did not have an effect on the outcome. The results of their neurological examinations improved in only four of the 38 patients immediately after the procedure. A conditional logistic regression analysis was performed in which these patients were compared with individuals matched for age, sex, dose of study drug, admission neurological grade, and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score at the time of angioplasty. No effect on favorable outcomes was found for this procedure.Conclusions. Transluminal cerebral angioplasty is very effective in reversing angiographically confirmed vasospasm, and anecdotal reports of its clinical utility are numerous. However, in this report the authors conclude that its superiority to medical management for symptomatic cerebral vasospasm is questionable.

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