Effect of transient ischemia on free fatty acids and phospholipids in the gerbil brain

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Yoshida ◽  
Satoshi Inoh ◽  
Takao Asano ◽  
Keiji Sano ◽  
Masaru Kubota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bilateral Carotid

✓ The effect of transient bilateral carotid occlusion on levels of free fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipid peroxides in the brain was studied in gerbils. During occlusion, both saturated and polyunsaturated free fatty acids increased strikingly to approximately 11-fold in total by 30 minutes. During recirculation, however, a selectively rapid decrement occurred in arachidonic acid, while saturated fatty acids gradually decreased to their basal levels in 180 minutes. The peroxide level, estimated by a thiobarbituric acid test, did not change during occlusion, but was elevated on reperfusion. Phosphatidylethanolamine content decreased throughout the periods examined. These results do not support a hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is initiated during ischemia by the lack of oxygen at the terminus of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Instead, it is suggested that severe cerebral ischemia disintegrates membrane phospholipids, probably through activation of hydrolytic enzymes, and that overt peroxidative processes take place during reflow by means of restoration of oxygen supply. The peroxidative reactions may, indeed, cause additional damage during the postischemic phase.

scholarly journals FadD Is Required for Utilization of Endogenous Fatty Acids Released from Membrane Lipids

2011 ◽  
Vol 193 (22) ◽  
pp. 6295-6304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Pech-Canul ◽  
Joaquina Nogales ◽  
Alfonso Miranda-Molina ◽  
Laura Álvarez ◽  
Otto Geiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
In The Wild

FadD is an acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase responsible for the activation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into acyl-CoAs. Mutation offadDin the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteriumSinorhizobium melilotipromotes swarming motility and leads to defects in nodulation of alfalfa plants. In this study, we found thatS. melilotifadDmutants accumulated a mixture of free fatty acids during the stationary phase of growth. The composition of the free fatty acid pool and the results obtained after specific labeling of esterified fatty acids with a Δ5-desaturase (Δ5-Des) were in agreement with membrane phospholipids being the origin of the released fatty acids.Escherichia colifadDmutants also accumulated free fatty acids released from membrane lipids in the stationary phase. This phenomenon did not occur in a mutant ofE. coliwith a deficient FadL fatty acid transporter, suggesting that the accumulation of fatty acids infadDmutants occurs inside the cell. Our results indicate that, besides the activation of exogenous LCFA, in bacteria FadD plays a major role in the activation of endogenous fatty acids released from membrane lipids. Furthermore, expression analysis performed withS. melilotirevealed that a functional FadD is required for the upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid degradation and suggested that in the wild-type strain, the fatty acids released from membrane lipids are degraded by β-oxidation in the stationary phase of growth.

scholarly journals Fatty acids profile of Serra da Estrela PDO cheeses and respective atherogenic and thrombogenic indices

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria João Reis Lima ◽  
Luisa Fontes ◽  
Hamdi Bahri ◽  
Ana C.A. Veloso ◽  
Edite Teixeira-Lemos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Serra Da Estrela

Purpose This study aims to determine the physicochemical and fatty acids composition of Serra da Estrela cheese (SEC), as well as health-related lipid indices, like the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, and to evaluate the influence of producer, geographical origin and production date. Design/methodology/approach All 24 SEC produced between November 2017 and March 2018 were collected at selected certified producers and analyzed by NIR spectrophotometer and by GC. Data were statistically evaluated by chemometric tools. Findings In all evaluated SEC, 23 fatty acids were quantified. Cheese origin influenced nutritional and health-related lipid indices). The cheeses were characterized by a relative high abundance of saturated fatty acids (67-76%), followed by a medium content of monounsaturated fatty acids (17-25%) and by low level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (5-7%). A putative positive association between cheese consumption and healthy lipid indices could be reached. Practical implications The contents of some medium and long chain fatty acids as well as of nutritional and health indices were influenced by cheese producer, geographical origin and production date pointing out the need for standardizing production procedures. Social implications The SEC plays a key role in the local economy, being an endogenous product with unique sensory characteristics and nutritional potential, for which the knowledge of the lipids profile and health indices is of utmost relevance. Originality/value SEC is an iconic Portuguese cheese with Protected Designation of Origin. Based on the results, like health-related lipid indices, evaluated for the first time, a positive association between cheese consumption and healthy lipid indices could be envisaged.

scholarly journals Free Fatty Acids Interfere with the DNA Binding Activity of the Virulence Regulator PrfA of Listeria monocytogenes

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia T. dos Santos ◽  
Rikke S. S. Thomasen ◽  
Mathias S. Green ◽  
Nils J. Færgeman ◽  
Birgitte H. Kallipolitis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dna Binding Activity ◽  
Virulence Regulator ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT Naturally occurring free fatty acids (FFAs) are recognized as potent antimicrobial agents that also affect the production of virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. In the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, some medium- and long-chain FFAs act as antimicrobial agents as well as signaling compounds, causing a repression of transcription of virulence genes. We previously observed that the master virulence regulator PrfA is involved in both the antimicrobial and virulence-inhibitory response of L. monocytogenes to selected FFAs, but the underlying mechanisms are presently unknown. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the antimicrobial and PrfA-inhibitory activities of medium- and long-chain FFAs of various carbon chain lengths and degrees of saturation. We observed that exposure to specific antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial FFAs prevented PrfA-dependent activation of virulence gene transcription and reduced the levels of PrfA-regulated virulence factors. Thus, an antimicrobial activity was not compulsory for the PrfA-inhibitory ability of an FFA. In vitro binding experiments revealed that PrfA-inhibitory FFAs were also able to prevent the constitutively active variant PrfA* from binding to the PrfA box in the promoter region of the virulence gene hly, whereas noninhibitory FFAs did not affect its ability to bind DNA. Notably, the unsaturated FFAs inhibited the DNA binding activity of PrfA* most efficiently. Altogether, our findings support a model in which specific FFAs orchestrate a generalized reduction of the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes by directly targeting the key virulence regulator PrfA. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen able to cause foodborne infections in humans and animals. Key virulence genes in L. monocytogenes are activated by the transcription regulator PrfA, a DNA binding protein belonging to the CRP/FNR family. Various signals from the environment are known to affect the activity of PrfA, either positively or negatively. Recently, we found that specific medium- and long-chain free fatty acids act as antimicrobial agents as well as signaling compounds in L. monocytogenes. Here, we show that both antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial free fatty acids inhibit PrfA-dependent activation of virulence gene transcription by interfering with the DNA binding activity of PrfA. Our findings suggest that free fatty acids could be candidates for alternative therapies against L. monocytogenes.

scholarly journals Profiling of Free Fatty Acids Using Stable Isotope Tagging Uncovers a Role for Saturated Fatty Acids in Neuroexocytosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1552-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Narayana ◽  
Vanesa M. Tomatis ◽  
Tong Wang ◽  
David Kvaskoff ◽  
Frederic A. Meunier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids

Free fatty acids in human cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage and their potential role in vasospasm: a preliminary observation

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie G. Pilitsis ◽  
William M. Coplin ◽  
Michael H. O'Regan ◽  
Jody M. Wellwood ◽  
Fernando G. Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The mechanisms leading to vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain unclear. Accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of free fatty acids (FFAs) may play a role in the development of vasospasm; however, in no previous study have concentrations of FFAs in CSF been examined after SAH. Methods. We collected samples of CSF from 20 patients with SAH (18 cases of aneurysmal SAH and two cases of spontaneous cryptogenic SAH) and used a high-performance liquid chromatography assay to determine the FFA concentrations in these samples. We then compared these findings with FFA concentrations in the CSF of control patients. All FFA concentrations measured 24 hours after SAH were significantly greater than control concentrations (p < 0.01 for palmitic acid and < 0.001 for all other FFAs). All measured FFAs remained elevated for the first 48 hours after SAH (p < 0.05 for linoleic acid, p < 0.01 for palmitic acid, and p < 0.001 for the other FFAs). After 7 days, a second elevation in all FFAs was observed (p < 0.05 for linoleic acid, p < 0.01 for palmitic acid, and p < 0.001 for the other FFAs). Samples of CSF collected within 48 hours after SAH from patients in whom angiography and clinical examination confirmed the development of vasospasm after SAH were found to have significantly higher concentrations of arachidonic, linoleic, and palmitic acids than samples collected from patients in whom vasospasm did not develop (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Following SAH, all FFAs are initially elevated. A secondary elevation occurs between 8 and 10 days after SAH. This study provides preliminary evidence of FFA elevation following SAH and of a potential role for FFAs in SAH-induced vasospasm. A prospective study is warranted to determine if CSF concentrations of FFAs are predictive of vasospasm.

scholarly journals Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara L. Svahn ◽  
Louise Grahnemo ◽  
Vilborg Pálsdóttir ◽  
Intawat Nookaew ◽  
Karl Wendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Content Type

Severe infection, including sepsis, is an increasing clinical problem that causes prolonged morbidity and substantial mortality. At present, antibiotics are essentially the only pharmacological treatment for sepsis. The incidence of resistance to antibiotics is increasing; therefore, it is critical to find new therapies for sepsis.Staphylococcus aureusis a major cause of septic mortality. Neutrophils play an important role in the defense against bacterial infections. We have shown that a diet with high levels of dietary saturated fatty acids decreases survival in septic mice, but the mechanisms behind this remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the differences in dietary fat composition affect survival and bacterial load after experimental septic infection and neutrophil function in uninfected mice. We found that, afterS. aureusinfection, mice fed a polyunsaturated high-fat diet (HFD-P) for 8 weeks had increased survival and decreased bacterial load during sepsis compared with mice fed a saturated high-fat diet (HFD-S), similar to mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD). Uninfected mice fed HFD-P had a higher frequency of neutrophils in bone marrow than mice fed HFD-S. In addition, mice fed HFD-P had a higher frequency of neutrophils recruited to the site of inflammation in response to peritoneal injection of thioglycolate than mice fed HFD-S. Differences between the proportion of dietary protein and carbohydrate did not affect septic survival at all. In conclusion, polyunsaturated dietary fat increased both survival and efficiency of bacterial clearance during septicS. aureusinfection. Moreover, this diet increased the frequency and chemotaxis of neutrophils, key components of the immune response toS. aureusinfections.

scholarly journals An Oleaginous Bacterium That Intrinsically Accumulates Long-Chain Free Fatty Acids in its Cytoplasm

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 1126-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiki Katayama ◽  
Manabu Kanno ◽  
Naoki Morita ◽  
Tomoyuki Hori ◽  
Takashi Narihiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACTMedium- and long-chain fatty acids are present in organisms in esterified forms that serve as cell membrane constituents and storage compounds. A large number of organisms are known to accumulate lipophilic materials as a source of energy and carbon. We found a bacterium, designated GK12, that intrinsically accumulates free fatty acids (FFAs) as intracellular droplets without exhibiting cytotoxicity. GK12 is an obligatory anaerobic, mesophilic lactic acid bacterium that was isolated from a methanogenic reactor. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that GK12 is affiliated with the familyErysipelotrichaceaein the phylumFirmicutesbut is distantly related to type species in this family (less than 92% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence). Saturated fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 14, 16, 18, and 20 were produced from glucose under stress conditions, including higher-than-optimum temperatures and the presence of organic solvents that affect cell membrane integrity. FFAs were produced at levels corresponding to up to 25% (wt/wt) of the dry cell mass. Our data suggest that FFA accumulation is a result of an imbalance between excess membrane fatty acid biosynthesis due to homeoviscous adaptation and limited β-oxidation activity due to anaerobic growth involving lactic acid fermentation. FFA droplets were not further utilized as an energy and carbon source, even under conditions of starvation. A naturally occurring bacterium that accumulates significant amounts of long-chain FFAs with noncytotoxicity would provide useful strategies for microbial biodiesel production.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF FREEZING ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLETS TWO FISH SPECIES IN IRAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Aberoumand ◽  
Saeed Ziaei nejad ◽  
Frideh Baesi ◽  
Zahrah Kolyaee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Fish Fillet ◽  
Pampus Argenteus ◽  
Sparidentex Hasta

Because of fishes Sparidentex hasta and Pampus argenteus in the southern of Iran are consumed abundant in a particular season and it should be frozen for consumption throughout the year. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the effects of freezing on some of the physicochemical properties of fillets the fishes. Factors such as fat with chloroform-methanol method, amount of TBA (Thiobarbituric acid) in fish muscle accordance method of Pearson, pH using a pH meter, FFA (Free fatty acids) with titration in the presence of phenolphthalein was determined based on the percentage of oleic acid, peroxide value according to AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), in fresh samples at time zero and after different periods of freezing were tested respectively. Result showd that TBA (Thiobarbituric acid) content in fish fillet, found Pampus argenteus and Sparidentex hasta 0.65 and 0.53 respectively. The results showed that the highest percentage of fat found for Pampus argenteus at 95 days 24.2(%2) and for Sparidentex hasta at 35 days (25.19%), free fatty acids contents found highest (0.9%) and (0.97%) for Sparidentex hasta and Pampus argenteus after 95 days. It can conclude that the TBA (Thiobarbituric acid), FFA (Free fatty acids)  contents and pH of both fish species during storage in freezer were increased. Peroxide value in fish Pampus argenteus was reduced but, in Sparidentex hasta showed no significant differently.  The best time of storage of fishes Pampus argenteus and Sparidentex hasta at -18 °C was 35 days freezing, but nutritional value of fillets and fatty acids greatly reduced

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