scholarly journals Status and Trend of HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nepal

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (155) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Ballabh Joshi ◽  
MR Banjara ◽  
YB Karki ◽  
BK Subedi ◽  
M Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Double Numbers ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Group Population ◽  
Hiv Aids

The main objective of this study is to review the HIV/AIDS status and trend in Nepal. The design of the study was retrospective in nature. Review was made of published and unpublished documents during the period 1988 to 2004. Year-wise data indicates that the cases of HIV/AIDS have been increased sharply since mid 1990s. In 1992, more than double numbers of new cases were reported than the formerly reported cumulative cases. The latest cumulative HIV/AIDS cases as of May 2004 were reported as 747 cases of AIDS and 3765 cases of HIV infections. Among total HIV/AIDS cases, clients of sex workers (57.8 percent) were predominant followed by sex workers (13.9 percent) and injecting drug users (15.6 percent). Similarly, others included housewives (10.6 percent), children (1.8 percent) from vertical transmission and blood or organ recipients (0.2 percent). Male cases (73.0 percent) were found predominant than female cases (27.0 percent). HIV prevalence among risk group population was found highest in injecting drug users (38.4 percent) followed by Female Sex Workers (4.1 percent) and migrants (3.0 percent). The risk population and HIV/AIDS prevalence has been found sharply increasing after mid 1990s. The increasing trend of the disease certainly has given pressure to focus on the use of comprehensive targeted intervention programs in risk  group  sub-populations.Key Words: HIV/AIDS, Trend, Risk populations, Prevalence.

scholarly journals Modeling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Kunming, China

2006 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bacaër ◽  
Xamxinur Abdurahman ◽  
Jianli Ye
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS among female sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men in Lebanon: results of the first biobehavioral surveys

AIDS ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. S45-S54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyad Mahfoud ◽  
Rema Afifi ◽  
Sami Ramia ◽  
Danielle El Khoury ◽  
Kassem Kassak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Becoming MSM: Sexual Minorities and Public Health Regimes in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Alfred Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The Us ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract This article explores the discursive and practical marking of male sexual minorities in Vietnam, as targets of a series of biopolitical regimes whose aim, ostensibly, was and is to secure the health and wellbeing of the population (from the French colonial period to the present), regimes which linked biology, technoscientific intervention and normative sexuality in the service of state power. Campaigns against sex workers, drug users, and briefly male sexual minorities, seriously exacerbated the marginalization and stigmatization of these groups, particularly with the emergence of HIV/AIDS in Vietnam in 1990. This article also considers how the contemporary apparatus constructed to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, one funded by the US, did not do away with these old forms, but reinscribed them with new language within a new regime that prioritizes quantification and technoscience.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Control of Infections on Social Networks of Population Types

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G. Williams ◽  
Christopher Dye
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Random Mixing ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractRandom mixing in host populations has been a convenient simplifying assumption in the study of epidemics, but neglects important differences in contact rates within and between population groups. For HIV/AIDS, the assumption of random mixing is inappropriate for epidemics that are concentrated in groups of people at high risk, including female sex workers (FSW) and their male clients (MCF), injecting drug users (IDU) and men who have sex with men (MSM). To find out who transmits infection to whom and how that affects the spread and containment of infection remains a major empirical challenge in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Here we develop a technique, based on the routine sampling of infection in linked population groups (a social network of population types), which shows how an HIV/AIDS epidemic in Can Tho Province of Vietnam began in FSW, was propagated mainly by IDU, and ultimately generated most cases among the female partners of MCF (FPM). Calculation of the case reproduction numbers within and between groups, and for the whole network, provides insights into control that cannot be deduced simply from observations on the prevalence of infection. Specifically, the per capita rate of HIV transmission was highest from FSW to MCF, and most HIV infections occurred in FPM, but the number of infections in the whole network is best reduced by interrupting transmission to and from IDU. This analysis can be used to guide HIV/AIDS interventions using needle and syringe exchange, condom distribution and antiretroviral therapy. The method requires only routine data and could be applied to infections in other populations.

scholarly journals Current trends in HIV/ AIDS epidemiology in Poland, 1999 – 2004

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rosinska
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Hiv Aids

The first HIV/ AIDS cases in Poland were diagnosed in the mid-1980, and the outbreak in injecting drug users was first observed in 1989. For many years the HIV epidemic in Poland was driven by injecting drug use. In this study we examine the trends in the HIV/ AIDS epidemic based on the surveillance data for 1999-2004. During this period, 3561 new HIV infections (annual rate of 15.4 per 1 000 000 inhabitants) were reported and 803 incident AIDS cases (incidence 3.5 per 1 000 000) were diagnosed. Both the annual number of newly detected HIV infections and the AIDS incidence showed a slight increasing trend. In particular, the vertically transmitted AIDS incidence increased from 0.46 in 1999 - 2000 to 0.91 per 1 000 000 children under 15 years in 2003 - 2004. Approximately 36% of AIDS patients aged 15 years or above had not been previously diagnosed with HIV. The annual number of the late presenters increased markedly between 1999 and 2004 and was higher amongst individuals infected through sexual transmission (51.0%) than those infected by injecting drug use (20.1%) . Injecting drug users made up 78.6% of new HIV infections with known transmission route, but for 47.9% of all cases the route of transmission was not reported. In order to generate more accurate data, HIV surveillance must be enhanced. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence for implementation of a comprehensive programme of prevention of vertical transmission and encouraging more extensive HIV testing especially in the groups at risk for sexual transmission. An effort is needed to enhance HIV surveillance and prevention in the framework of programmes for STI.

Sources of Bias in Perception of HIV Risk by Injecting Drug-Users

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Kelaher ◽  
Michael W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Baseline Rate ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Hiv Aids

The role of bias in assessments of personal susceptibility to threat is a central concept in research on perception of risk. The current study aimed to clarify the association between perceived personal susceptibility to infection with HIV/AIDS and injecting risk behaviour with injecting drug-users' perception of the baseline rate of infection with HIV/AIDS. 1262 injecting drug-users from Australian cities were interviewed. The injecting drug-users were divided into high- and low-risk groups depending on the HIV/AIDS risk associated with their injecting behaviour. Subjects were subdivided into low-, medium-, and high-perceived personal susceptibility groups. Analysis indicated that injecting drug-users in the high-risk group underestimated the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection relative to those in the low-risk group and that perceived personal susceptibility was rationally related to estimates of the baseline rate of infection.

Stigma, Discrimination, and Ostracization: HIV/AIDS Infection in Nigeria

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adesola O. Oyelese
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Aids

The AIDS epidemic continues and HIV-infected persons continue to suffer stigmatization and discrimination in Nigeria. The results of an open-ended questionnaire administered non-randomly in Ile-Ife and Ilesa in the late 1990s confirm this. Six questions on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were asked; 83 (36.4%) males and 145 (63.6%) females aged between 11 and 60 years responded. The respondents included 101 students, 49 civil servants, 39 artisans and traders. Others included 29 health professionals (doctors and nurses, etc.), 8 teachers, and 2 commercial sex workers. The median of negative responses (rejection) is 42.2%. It is concluded that there still exists a significant but suppressed or subtle stigmatization and discrimination against HIV-infected people, a major constraint in the management and control of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Distinct Circulating Recombinant HIV-1 Strains Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Afghanistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sanders-Buell ◽  
Meera Bose ◽  
Abdul Nasir ◽  
Catherine S. Todd ◽  
M. Raza Stanekzai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Hiv 1
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