scholarly journals “Sermo eorum sicut cancer serpit”. Chromatius of Aquileia against heresies

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 443-455
Author(s):  
Miran Sajovic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Conference Paper ◽  
The North ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North End

Bishop Chromatius (in office from 388 to 407), whose episcopal see was a cosmopolitan trade-center at the north end of the Adriatic Sea with the name of Aquileia, was one of the most prominent bishops in the period. He is acquaint­ed with notable figures such as Ambrosius, Hieronymus, Rufinus, and Ioannes Chrysostomus and forth. Before being created a bishop, he was the secretary of bi­shop Valerianus and in the occasion of Council of Aquileia in 381, he had spoken against Arians. This Council was presided by Ambrosius and with its scale it could almost be considered as an ecumenical one. As shown in some of the Chromatius’ sermons, which are unearthed in the 20th century, he opposed not only to the ideas of Arians but also to the teaching of Fotinus, bishop of Sirmium. Chromatius was a very zealous fighter and he practically succeeded to uproot all heretical ideas in his diocese. The academia usually sees him as an anti-Arian theologian. After the Council of Constantinople (381), the Arian heresy seemed to be abated, but Chromatius said in one of his Tractatus, “Cuius (sc. Arii) discipuli hodieque oues Dei fallere ac decipere conantur per aliquantas ecclesias, sed iamdudum, magistro perfidiae prodito, discipuli latere non possunt”; it is evident that, the followers of Arius could still be found (with the mentioning of “hodie”, i.e. today) in the area of Aquileia, meanwhile one must not neglect the presence of the followers of Fotinus of Sirmium. The first part of my conference paper would be a general presentation of the religious situation in Aquileia at the time where Chromatius served as the local bishop; thus I will proceed with an in-depth reading on several passages of the Aquilerian bishop’s sermons (Sermones and Tractatus), in order to show the impact of the those heresies on his works and to identity his theological arguments against them. Among those teachings, there is the “unconquerable faith (invicta fide)”, which led to the surmounting (suppression) of heresies.

A History of Heresy Past: The Sermons of Chromatius of Aquileia, 388–407

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-296
Author(s):  
Robert McEachnie
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The North ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
Institutional Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
North End

Chromatius served as bishop of Aquileia, a large trade-centered city at the north end of the Adriatic Sea, from 388–407. He interacted with notables like Rufinus, Jerome, Ambrose, and John Chrysostom, but our knowledge of Chromatius was limited to second-hand statements until the rediscovery of his sermons in the last century. When one examines the sermons in their original context, a disconnect on the issue of heresy emerges. Based on a survey of Christianities in northern Italy, it seems that the variety we might expect is lacking in the sources. An examination of the region reveals that the area during this time was remarkably homogenous in terms of the diversity among its Christian adherents. In Aquileia, Chromatius would have been unchallenged by other churches. In light of that, what did his continued tirades against non-existent “heretical” groups achieve? By examining the whole of each sermon mentioning heretics a pattern emerges surrounding the history of heresy and orthodoxy. The maintenance of institutional memory was not done sentimentally, but to advance the domination Christians had achieved into new arenas, namely, for Chromatius, control over an urban religious space which included Judaism.

scholarly journals Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakica Njire ◽  
Mirna Batistić ◽  
Vedrana Kovačević ◽  
Rade Garić ◽  
Manuel Bensi
Keyword(s):  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Convection ◽  
Oceanic Species ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The Impact

The Southern Adriatic Sea is a dynamic region under the influence of diverse physical forces that modify sea water properties as well as plankton dynamics, abundance, and distribution in an intricate way. The most pronounced being: winter vertical convection, lateral exchanges between coastal and open sea waters, and the ingression of water masses of different properties into the Adriatic. We investigated the distribution and abundance of tintinnid species in this dynamic environment in pre- and post-winter conditions in 2015/2016. A strong ingression of the saline Levantine Intermediate Water, supported by the cyclonic mode of the North Ionian Gyre in 2015 and 2016, in December was associated with a high diversity of oceanic species. An unusual spatial distribution of neritic-estuarine species Codonellopsis schabi was observed in deeper layers along the analyzed transect, which emphasizes the strong influence of physical processes on deep water biology in the South Adriatic. A shift of population toward greater depths (mesopelagic) and modification of deep sea community structure was recorded in April as a consequence of the winter convection-driven sinking of tintinnids. Our findings indicate that tintinnid abundance and composition is heavily influenced by physical conditions and they are good indicators of the impact of physical forces, including climate changes, on marine environment.

scholarly journals European Lightweight Parcels vs. Russian Trade in Persia in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-640
Author(s):  
Gadilya Kornoukhova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The North ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Impact

The main issue the article considers is the transit of European goods through the territory of the Russian Empire to Persia in the form of lightweight postal parcels in the beginning of the 20th century. The main objectives of the research include defining the impact of existing practice on the Russian trade in Persia in conditions of high competition between Russian and foreign exporters; finding out how the government representatives and Russian entrepreneurs, sending goods to Middle-East market, saw the existing situation. The author showed that there were some disagreements on transit of European postal parcels to Persia between the government officials and Russian entrepreneurs. Starting from 1905, when the two states joined the international Washington Convention, the disagreements were the most obvious during the first years after the transit launch. Both sides regarded its impact on the Russian trade as negative. However, while government representatives related the situation to inactivity of the Russian merchant class, the latter pointed to existing drawbacks in the operation of transit system. By 1913, the Russian government acknowledged the necessity of limiting the flow of European parcels to Persia, but they did not make up their mind to stop the transit completely for restoring the monopoly of the Russian trade in the north of Persia.

scholarly journals Investigation of model capability in capturing vertical hydrodynamic coastal processes: a case study in the north Adriatic Sea

Ocean Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McKiver ◽  
G. Sannino ◽  
F. Braga ◽  
D. Bellafiore
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Coastal Processes ◽  
Dense Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Surface Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Adriatic Sea

Abstract. In this work we consider a numerical study of hydrodynamics in the coastal zone using two different models, SHYFEM (shallow water hydrodynamic finite element model) and MITgcm (Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model), to assess their capability to capture the main processes. We focus on the north Adriatic Sea during a strong dense water event that occurred at the beginning of 2012. This serves as an interesting test case to examine both the models strengths and weaknesses, while giving an opportunity to understand how these events affect coastal processes, like upwelling and downwelling, and how they interact with estuarine dynamics. Using the models we examine the impact of setup, surface and lateral boundary treatment, resolution and mixing schemes, as well as assessing the importance of nonhydrostatic dynamics in coastal processes. Both models are able to capture the dense water event, though each displays biases in different regions. The models show large differences in the reproduction of surface patterns, identifying the choice of suitable bulk formulas as a central point for the correct simulation of the thermohaline structure of the coastal zone. Moreover, the different approaches in treating lateral freshwater sources affect the vertical coastal stratification. The results indicate the importance of having high horizontal resolution in the coastal zone, specifically in close proximity to river inputs, in order to reproduce the effect of the complex coastal morphology on the hydrodynamics. A lower resolution offshore is acceptable for the reproduction of the dense water event, even if specific vortical structures are missed. Finally, it is found that nonhydrostatic processes are of little importance for the reproduction of dense water formation in the shelf of the north Adriatic Sea.

scholarly journals River Discharge into the Mediterranean Sea: Climatology and Aspects of the Observed Variability

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 4740-4751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vittoria Struglia ◽  
Annarita Mariotti ◽  
Angelo Filograsso
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Catchment Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
Gulf Of Lion ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract River discharge across the Mediterranean catchment basin is investigated by means of an extensive dataset of historical monthly time series to represent at-best discharge into the sea. Results give an annual mean river discharge into the Mediterranean of 8.1 × 103 m3 s−1, or at most a value that should not exceed 10.4 × 103 m3 s−1. The seasonal cycle has an amplitude of 5 × 103 m3 s−1, with a dry season in midsummer and a peak flow in early spring. Dominant contributions are from Europe with a climatological annual mean of 5.7 × 103 m3 s−1. Discharge in the Adriatic Sea, the Gulf of Lion, and the Aegean Sea together account for 62% of Mediterranean discharge, which mostly occurs in the Adriatic (2.7 × 103 m3 s−1). The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) impacts Mediterranean discharge primarily in winter, with most river discharges across the Mediterranean catchment being anticorrelated with the NAO. Related winter anomalies are about 10%–20% of the winter means. During the period 1960–90, Mediterranean winter discharge as a whole may have undergone year-to-year NAO-related variations of up to 26% of the seasonal mean, while about 17% on decadal time scales. These variations are expected to have occurred mostly in the Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea, together with the Balearic Sea, where the impact of the NAO is greatest.

scholarly journals Investigation of model capability in capturing vertical hydrodynamic coastal processes: a case study in the North Adriatic Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1625-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McKiver ◽  
G. Sannino ◽  
F. Braga ◽  
D. Bellafiore
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Coastal Processes ◽  
Dense Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Surface Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Adriatic Sea

Abstract. In this work we consider a numerical study of hydrodynamics in the coastal zone using two different models, SHYFEM and MITgcm, to assess their capability to capture the main processes. We focus on the North Adriatic Sea during a strong dense water event that occurred at the beginning of 2012. This serves as an interesting test case to examine both the models strengths and weaknesses, while giving an opportunity to understand how these events affect coastal processes, like upwelling and downwelling, and how they interact with estuarine dynamics. Using the models we examine the impact of setup, surface and lateral boundary treatment, resolution and mixing schemes, as well as assessing the importance of nonhydrostatic dynamics in coastal processes. Both models are able to capture the dense water event, though each displays biases in different regions. The models show large differences in the reproduction of surface patterns, identifying the choice of suitable bulk formulas as a central point for the correct simulation of the thermohaline structure of the coastal zone. Moreover, the different approaches in treating lateral freshwater sources affect the vertical coastal stratification. The results indicate the importance of having high horizontal resolution in the coastal zone, specifically in close proximity to river inputs, in order to reproduce the effect of the complex coastal morphology on the hydrodynamics. A lower resolution offshore is acceptable for the reproduction of the dense water event, even if specific vortical structures are missed. Finally, it is found that nonhydrostatic processes are of little importance for the reproduction of dense water formation in the shelf of the North Adriatic Sea.

scholarly journals Russian engineers – builders of banks in Manchuria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (68) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Mikhail Bazilevich ◽  
Anton A. Kim
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Building Practice ◽  
The Impact

The article tells us about Russian engineers of different specializations, who worked in the north-east of China, in Manchuria, in the first half of the 20th century, and whose professional activities were related to building banking institutions. It provides brief information about V.I. Baby, S.A. Vensan, G.V. Golovanov, P. L. Egorov, V.I. Kalabanovsky, Yu.K. KeroOr, I.I. Korablev, V.V. Koryagin, S.I. Maslenikov, S.N. Peshkov, V.A. Rassushin, P. S. Safaryants, D.V. Uskov, B.A. Chernyavsky and P.A. Shchelkov. The article highlights the impact of their activities on the development of architecture of financial institutions, as well as on introduction of engineering innovations into the building practice in Manchuria.

scholarly journals An extreme event between The Little Ice Age and the 20th century: the snow avalanche cycle of 1888 in the Asturian Massif (Northern Spain)

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. García-Hernández ◽  
J. Ruiz-Fernández ◽  
C. Sánchez-Posada ◽  
S. Pereira ◽  
M. Oliva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Between the late Little Ice Age (LIA) cold stage and the early 20th century warmer scenario, a transitional regime characterized by an unstable climatic pattern generated a series of climate extremes affecting mid-latitude mountainous areas, as the Asturian Massif. There, the 1888 snow avalanche cycle appears as the most significant event, standing out among the rest of avalanche cycles recorded in this area during the 1800-2015 period both in terms of the number of damaging avalanches and damages caused by them. Among the factors that explain this event stands out the orographic precipitation phenomenon; the interaction of a cold and wet air mass originating from the North Atlantic with the relief of the Massif, which led to extraordinary snow thicknesses (>2 m) at very low altitudes (500 m a.s.l.), especially in the north-facing, Asturian versant of the Cantabrian Mountains. This allowed the triggering of avalanches in slopes gentler and in lower altitudes than usual, covering longer distances; consequently, avalanches reached more easily the settlements, generally placed at the bottom of the valley or in middle slope positions. The greater impact on the settlements, which suffered 84% of the damages, was the cause of this episode’s high socioeconomic impact (29 people dead, 34 injured, 123 heads of cattle dead, 124 buildings destroyed). These events occurred at a time when the mountain villages were highly populated and subjected to intense exploitation, coinciding with the development of new communication infrastructures in the upper parts of the Massif. Therefore, the 1888 episode constitutes a good example of both the impact of hydrometeorological events in mountain environments under high demographic pressure, and of climate extremes involved in a transition period from cold to warmer weather conditions.

The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 295-310
Author(s):  
Christine Choo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Australian Aborigines ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.

Wrestling with 9/11: Immigrant Perceptions and Perceptions of Immigrants

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Brettell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Asian Indians ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The Impact

Soon after 9/11 a research project to study new immigration into the Dallas Fort Worth metropolitan area got under way. In the questionnaire that was administered to 600 immigrants across five different immigrant populations (Asian Indians, Vietnamese, Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Nigerians) between 2003 and 2005 we decided to include a question about the impact of 9/11 on their lives. We asked: “How has the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 affected your position as an immigrant in the United States?” This article analyzes the responses to this question, looking at similarities and differences across different immigrant populations. It also addresses the broader issue of how 9/11 has affected both immigration policy and attitudes toward the foreign-born in the United States. 

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