scholarly journals Polemics in Russian Journalism at the Beginning of the 20th Century on the Ministry of Monastics to the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-223
Author(s):  
Вячеслав Масин
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Ascetic Ideal ◽  
The World ◽  
Charitable Activities ◽  
The Church

В настоящей статье читатель узнает о полемике, состоявшейся в церковной публицистике по вопросу служения монашествующих миру, которая привлекла интерес и заставила высказаться многих уважаемых церковных деятелей начала ХХ в. Активными участниками полемики стали преподаватели Московской духовной академии, которые почти единогласно отстаивали идею «нового служения» иноков миру, под которой понималось привлечение монашеского института к активной социальной и благотворительной деятельности. На позиции, противоположной академической профессуре, стоял известный публицист, насельник Троице-Сергиевой лавры архимандрит Никон (Рождественский), последовательный сторонник созерцательного аскетического идеала, утверждавший, что благотворительность погубит монастыри, что единственная задача монашеской обители - церковные службы, молитва и воспитание духа, что мир не должен ничего ожидать от монастыря, кроме духовного подвига и молитвы. Обсуждаемый вопрос стал причиной острых межличностных конфликтов в преподавательской и административной среде академии. Каждая из спорящих сторон пыталась обосновать свою позицию, приводя различного рода аргументы, обращаясь к русской церковной истории и традиции Церкви. Нужно констатировать, что доводы, приводимые полемистами, не могут считаться исчерпывающими и в наши дни. From this article the reader will learn about the controversy that took place in church journalism on the issue of monastics’ ministry to the world, which attracted academic and public interest and made many respected church leaders of the early 20th century speak out. The faculty members of the Moscow Theological Academy became active participants in the controversy, almost unanimously defending the idea of a «new ministry» of monks to the world, which meant the involvement of the monastic institute in social and charitable activities. A well-known publicist, resident of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, Archimandrite Nikon (Rozhdestvensky), was a consistent supporter of the contemplative ascetic ideal, arguing that charity would destroy monasteries, that the only task of a monastery is practising church services, prayer and the education of the spirit and that the world should not expect anything from a monastery except ascesis and prayer. The discussed issue caused acute interpersonal conflicts within the Academy’s faculty and administration. Each of the disputing parties tried to back its position, putting forward various kinds of arguments, including referring to Russian church history and the tradition of the Church. However, it must nevertheless be stated that the arguments given by the polemicists cannot be considered exhaustive even today.

scholarly journals Traversing a Tightrope between Ecumenism and Exclusivism: The Intertwined History of South Africa’s Dutch Reformed Church and the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian in Nyasaland (Malawi)

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Retief Müller
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Church History ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Christian Nationalism ◽  
The Church ◽  
Dutch Reformed Church

During the first few decades of the 20th century, the Nkhoma mission of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa became involved in an ecumenical venture that was initiated by the Church of Scotland’s Blantyre mission, and the Free Church of Scotland’s Livingstonia mission in central Africa. Geographically sandwiched between these two Scots missions in Nyasaland (presently Malawi) was Nkhoma in the central region of the country. During a period of history when the DRC in South Africa had begun to regressively disengage from ecumenical entanglements in order to focus on its developing discourse of Afrikaner Christian nationalism, this venture in ecumenism by one of its foreign missions was a remarkable anomaly. Yet, as this article illustrates, the ecumenical project as finalized at a conference in 1924 was characterized by controversy and nearly became derailed as a result of the intransigence of white DRC missionaries on the subject of eating together with black colleagues at a communal table. Negotiations proceeded and somehow ended in church unity despite the DRC’s missionaries’ objection to communal eating. After the merger of the synods of Blantyre, Nkhoma and Livingstonia into the unified CCAP, distinct regional differences remained, long after the colonial missionaries departed. In terms of its theological predisposition, especially on the hierarchy of social relations, the Nkhoma synod remains much more conservative than both of its neighboring synods in the CCAP to the south and north. Race is no longer a matter of division. More recently, it has been gender, and especially the issue of women’s ordination to ministry, which has been affirmed by both Blantyre and Livingstonia, but resisted by the Nkhoma synod. Back in South Africa, these events similarly had an impact on church history and theological debate, but in a completely different direction. As the theology of Afrikaner Christian nationalism and eventually apartheid came into positions of power in the 1940s, the DRC’s Nkhoma mission in Malawi found itself in a position of vulnerability and suspicion. The very fact of its participation in an ecumenical project involving ‘liberal’ Scots in the formation of an indigenous black church was an intolerable digression from the normative separatism that was the hallmark of the DRC under apartheid. Hence, this article focuses on the variegated entanglements of Reformed Church history, mission history, theology and politics in two different 20th-century African contexts, Malawi and South Africa.

scholarly journals The Church Club of New York Library

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Jacqueline H. Rider
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Episcopal Church ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Church ◽  
Changing Society

Organized in 1887 by religious, financial, and social leaders in Manhattan, the Church Club of New York holds a library of some 1,500 volumes. It documents the religious roots and theological framework of New York’s financial elite, the birth of the Episcopal Church, and mainline American Protestantism’s reaction to the Social Gospel movement in the early 20th century. This essay discusses how titles illustrate the challenges these gentlemen confronted to their roles and their church’s identity in a rapidly changing society. Industrialization, modernization, immigration were all affecting their personal, professional, and spiritual lives.  It also reflects on how the collection as a whole mirrors the evolution of one sector of 20th century American culture.

11. Is Marx still relevant?

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Peter Singer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Proletarian Revolution

By the early 20th century, Marxism was the dominant ideology of the left, especially in Europe. Marxism spread significantly around the world after the two world wars, but Marx’s prominence went into abrupt decline in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since then, China has been the most significant avowedly Marxist country. ‘Is Marx still relevant?’ considers whether Marx’s views are still relevant when dealing with worldwide inequality, global financial crises, the age of globalization, and climate change. It concludes that Marx’s ideas about the role that economic interests play in our intellectual and political lives will remain relevant, but that his prediction of the inevitability of a proletarian revolution will not.

scholarly journals Rethinking the message of the church in the 21st century: An amalgamation between science and religion

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk G. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Theological Training

Throughout its history, Christianity has stood in a dichotomous relation to the various philosophical movements or eras (pre-modernism, modernism, postmodernism and post-postmodernism) that took on different faces throughout history. In each period, it was the sciences that influenced, to a great extent, the interpretation and understanding of the Bible. Christianity, however, was not immune to influences, specifically those of the Western world. This essay reflects briefly on this dichotomy and the influence of Bultmann’s demythologising of the kerygma during the 20th century. Also, the remythologising (Vanhoozer) of the church’s message as proposed for the 21st century no more satisfies the critical Christian thinkers. The relationship between science and religion is revisited, albeit from a different perspective as established over the past two decades as to how the sciences have been pointed out more and more to complement theology. This article endeavours to evoke the church to consider the fundamental contributions of the sciences and how it is going to incorporate the sciences into its theological training and message to the world.

scholarly journals Limites do mando, limites do mundo: a relação entre identidades de gênero e identidades espaciais no nordeste do começo do século

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Durval Muniz De ALBUQUERQUE JÚNIOR
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Male Group ◽  
The World

Este texto examina a relação entre as mudanças históricas na sociedade tradicional do engenho, no nordeste brasileiro, no começo do século XX, e a alteração nas percepções espaciais que se expressam em uma série de metáforas que emergem tanto no discurso memorialístico, como no discurso literário produzido por homens ligados a esta elite em declínio social e econômico. Estes textos falam do encurtamento do mundo, de sufocamentos, de limites cada vez mais rigorosos para a vida dos homens. Parece haver uma relação entre mudanças espaciais e mudanças nos códigos sociais e de gênero, à medida que o mesmo mundo que parece vir se encurtando para os homens, parece vir se alargando para as mulheres. Os homens se sentem cada vez mais presos e falam que as mulheres estão cava vez mais à solta. Os espaços que emergem com a sociedade urbana e industrial, espaços disciplinares, ao mesmo tempo em que aparecem nestes discursos como limitadores da vida dos homens, surgem como espaços de libertação das mulheres e de inversão perigosa das relações tradicionais de gênero. Numa sociedade que estaria se feminilizando, os homens estariam cada vez mais sem espaço. Abstract This paper concerns the historical and social changes the tradicional sugar mil society faced in the northeast of Brazil in the early 20th century, and the changes in the space perceptions expressed through a number of metaphors which occur both in memoirs or literary discourses used by the male group from the decadent elite. Those discourses speak about the curbing of the world to men, the suffocation feeling caused by stricter limits and places arising from an urban industrial society symbolized by the mills. These texts also refer to the shortening of male spaces related to a dangerous widening of female spaces. The same institutional and disciplinary spaces that mean imprisonment for men mean freedom to womem. These male discourses combine what is call ed a feminization society and consequent broadening of female boundaries and the reduction of spaces for the men who then face the limitions in their command and in their world.

Readymade Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Evely Gildersleeve ◽  
Kelly W. Guyotte
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Inquiry ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Art World ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Artist

Neither inside, nor outside. Between art and non-art. Visual artist, Marcel Duchamp’s readymade art installations of the early 20th century mapped a space of between-ness, of liminality, through previously drawn boundaries in the art world. In this article, we put forth readymade methodology as a liminal approach to (post)qualitative research. Drawing from Duchamp’s readymade art installations, we situate dominant methodological practices as collections of ready-made techniques and technologies for interpreting the world (research as instrumentation); such processes, we argue, are distinct from readymade inquiry (research as immanent and multiplicitous). Readymade methodology disorients knowings and illustrates lines of flight produced from inversions of taken-for-granted technical application of research methods. In this article, we think methodology differently, not limiting ourselves to the constraints/comforts of conventional qualitative methodology. Just as Duchamp interrogated the in-between of art and everyday life, readymade methodology flourishes in/with the potentiality of twisted liminal spaces in (post)qualitative inquiry.

scholarly journals The secular prophet of religious socialism

Tempo Social ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Michael Löwy
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Dynamic Tension ◽  
Spiritual Meaning ◽  
The World ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
Desperate Attempt

There exists a German-Jewish cultural discourse from the early 20th century that stands in dynamic tension between spiritual and material, sacred and secular, beyond the usual static dichotomies. Several key Jewish thinkers have sought to recover spiritual meaning, in direct interaction with the profane. Under different ways they developed a process of simultaneous secularization and sacralization, in a sort of “dialectic” combination of both. The first common characteristic of these authors is their deep attachment to the German romantic culture, with its ambivalence towards modernity, and its desperate attempt at re-enchanting the world through a return to past spiritual forms. This article will demonstrate these relationships through the work of young Eric Fromm.

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