scholarly journals A Population-Based Study of 33 Causes of Death amongst America’s Five Ethnic Populations 2015. In Pursuit of Social Justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
White Americans ◽  
White American ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Unexpected Findings

Introduction- Health inequalities occur in every society, until a society understands the extent of social injustice drive for change is undermined. Hence this examination of mortality of America’s Ethnic groups. Method: This study’s novel approach analyses differences of 33 mortalities of Asian, Black, Hispanic, Indian/Alaskan and White American people’s Age-Standardised-Death-Rates per million (pm). Based upon National Vital Statistics and comparative ratios are calculated for each ethnicity. Results – Black American had highest death rate 8761pm, Asian Americans lowest 3962pm. Black and Indian/Alaskan Americans had highest rates for most categories, White Americans were highest for nine. Asian and Hispanic Americans substantially lower than other groups. Black Americans had 11 higher and 10 substantially lower than White American deaths. Indian/Alaskan Americans had 10 higher and 7 substantially lower than White Americans. If Black Americans had matched the average mortality of the other groups there would have been 94,422 fewer deaths. Unexpected findings included Black Americans having lower mortalities in specific categories such as neurological disease and some cancer sites. Conclusions: Patterns of mortality strongly suggest links to relative poverty, which are barriers to social justice. While such disparities between the ethnicities remain, they are significant barriers to the pursuit of social justice.

scholarly journals A Population-Based Study of 33 Causes of Death amongst America’s Five Ethnic Populations 2015. In Pursuit of Social Justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
White Americans ◽  
White American ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Unexpected Findings

Introduction- Health inequalities occur in every society, until a society understands the extent of social injustice drive for change is undermined. Hence this examination of mortality of America’s Ethnic groups. Method: This study’s novel approach analyses differences of 33 mortalities of Asian, Black, Hispanic, Indian/Alaskan and White American people’s Age-Standardised-Death-Rates per million (pm). Based upon National Vital Statistics and comparative ratios are calculated for each ethnicity. Results – Black American had highest death rate 8761pm, Asian Americans lowest 3962pm. Black and Indian/Alaskan Americans had highest rates for most categories, White Americans were highest for nine. Asian and Hispanic Americans substantially lower than other groups. Black Americans had 11 higher and 10 substantially lower than White American deaths. Indian/Alaskan Americans had 10 higher and 7 substantially lower than White Americans. If Black Americans had matched the average mortality of the other groups there would have been 94,422 fewer deaths. Unexpected findings included Black Americans having lower mortalities in specific categories such as neurological disease and some cancer sites. Conclusions: Patterns of mortality strongly suggest links to relative poverty, which are barriers to social justice. While such disparities between the ethnicities remain, they are significant barriers to the pursuit of social justice.

scholarly journals Insurance pricing discrimination and Aristotelian equality: an application to annuity pricing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Cather
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
White Americans ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Insurance Pricing ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Social

International courts often apply the social justice standard of Aristotelian equality—treating like people alike and unlike people differently—to cases involving insurance pricing discrimination. This article examines whether the use of insurance pricing variables like gender and race results in discriminatory pricing categories consisting of heterogeneous policyowners, in violation of Aristotelian equality. This article applies this discrimination standard to the pricing of annuities, drawing from studies investigating the racial mortality crossover, findings that show that the mortality rate of Black Americans falls below the rate of White Americans at advanced ages. Based on the crossover literature, this study demonstrates how race-based annuity pricing would be discriminatory because it results in heterogeneous pricing within racial pricing categories, but that insurers can control for this heterogeneity by using the wider variety of annuity pricing data (e.g., medical history, diseases, and smoking) developed in the enhanced annuity submarket. The article demonstrates how the increased use of data analytics in insurance pricing to control for heterogeneity is consistent with Aristotelian equality.

scholarly journals The association of metformin use with prostate cancer aggressiveness among Black Americans and White Americans in a population-based study

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Khan ◽  
Jianwen Cai ◽  
Matthew E. Nielsen ◽  
Melissa A. Troester ◽  
James L. Mohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Population Based ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Cancer Aggressiveness

scholarly journals The association of diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer aggressiveness among Black Americans and White Americans in a population-based study

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Khan ◽  
Jianwen Cai ◽  
Matthew E. Nielsen ◽  
Melissa A. Troester ◽  
James L. Mohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Population Based ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Cancer Aggressiveness ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

scholarly journals Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause and in comparison to Europe, 1990 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2104684118
Author(s):  
Hannes Schwandt ◽  
Janet Currie ◽  
Marlies Bär ◽  
James Banks ◽  
Paola Bertoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
American Life ◽  
White American ◽  
Black And White

Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990 and 2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in high- and low-income US areas and with reference to six European countries. Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the United States than in Europe. In 1990, White Americans and Europeans in high-income areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in low-income areas was lower. However, since then, even high-income White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%. Black American life expectancy increased more than White American life expectancy in all US areas, but improvements in lower-income areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black Americans’ mortality reductions included cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period. Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990 to 2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both high-income and low-income areas.

Abstract 042: Do Disparities In Cardiovascular Comorbidities Account For Excess Covid-19 Morbidity And Mortality In African Americans?

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Dasa ◽  
Scott A Cohen ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Ruba sajdeya ◽  
Mohamad B Taha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidities ◽  
Research Consortium

Introduction: COVID-19 incidence, severity, and death in African Americans (AA) has been reported to markedly exceed those of White Americans (WA), but the epidemiologic basis for this is unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that AA have an excess of comorbid conditions compared to WA accounting for the disparity in COVID-19 infection and death. Methods: We examined 67,094 COVID-19 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and compared them to 135,188 controls (2:1 match by age, sex, and zip code) representing a state-wide sample of healthcare recipients from the ‘OneFlorida’ research consortium through August 3, 2020. We assessed the prevalence of preexisting comorbid conditions (e.g. cardiovascular disease, cancer), behavioral risk factors, and health outcomes in the electronic health records of COVID-19 cases compared to controls. Results: Cases included 25,443 (37.9%) WA, 11,709 (17.5%) AA, and 16,119 (24%) Hispanic Americans (HA). Among cases, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of several cardiovascular comorbidities in AA vs. WA, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and stroke, but not for common cancers, liver disease, and COPD (Table 1). Likewise, smoking and BMI were higher in AA. Similar disparities were also appreciated in matched controls. Compared to WA, AA and HA had higher odds of becoming infected with COVID-19 (Unadjusted OR, 1.08; CI [1.05-1.11] and OR, 1.17; [1.15-1.2]) respectively. The prevalence of severe COVID-19 outcomes (intubation and death) was higher in AA (3.6 and 2.7%) than WA (2.5% and 2.3%) or HA (1.3 and 1.4%), respectively. Conclusions: Excess comorbidities for cardiometabolic diseases are present in this population-based sample of COVID-19 cases and controls. Careful mediation analyses will determine whether these differences in cardiovascular comorbidities alone account for disparities in COVID-19 in AA patients. Such data would be important to identify high-risk subgroups benefitting from enhanced preventive and early therapeutic interventions.

Crispus Attucks Meets Jim Crow

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Kachun
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
African Americans ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
White Americans ◽  
High Regard ◽  
American Memory ◽  
History Books

As Jim Crow segregation came to define black Americans’ place in the nation by the end of the nineteenth century, American memory also became largely segregated. African Americans continued to hold Attucks in high regard, but his name was invoked far less frequently in mainstream popular culture and historical scholarship. As white America all but abandoned its concern for the basic welfare and rights of black citizens, a black hero like Crispus Attucks had little chance to enter the heroic pantheon of the nation. School textbooks, mainstream popular culture, and white Americans in general virtually erased Attucks from the story of the American Revolution. African Americans kept his memory alive in history books, public commemorations, and memorial acts like the naming of children and community organizations.

scholarly journals From Multiplex Serology to Serolomics—A Novel Approach to the Antibody Response against the SARS-CoV-2 Proteome

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Julia Butt ◽  
Rajagopal Murugan ◽  
Theresa Hippchen ◽  
Sylvia Olberg ◽  
Monique van Straaten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Population ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Multiplex Serology

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic entails an urgent need for specific and sensitive high-throughput serological assays to assess SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. We, therefore, aimed at developing a fluorescent-bead based SARS-CoV-2 multiplex serology assay for detection of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and protein N of SARS-CoV-1 and common cold Coronaviruses (ccCoVs) were recombinantly expressed in E. coli or HEK293 cells. Assay performance was assessed in a COVID-19 case cohort (n = 48 hospitalized patients from Heidelberg) as well as n = 85 age- and sex-matched pre-pandemic controls from the ESTHER study. Assay validation included comparison with home-made immunofluorescence and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. A sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 86–100%) was achieved in COVID-19 patients 14 days post symptom onset with dual sero-positivity to SARS-CoV-2 N and the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. The specificity obtained with this algorithm was 100% (95% CI: 96–100%). Antibody responses to ccCoVs N were abundantly high and did not correlate with those to SARS-CoV-2 N. Inclusion of additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as separate assessment of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes M, A, and G allowed for explorative analyses regarding disease progression and course of antibody response. This newly developed SARS-CoV-2 multiplex serology assay achieved high sensitivity and specificity to determine SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity. Its high throughput ability allows epidemiologic SARS-CoV-2 research in large population-based studies. Inclusion of additional pathogens into the panel as well as separate assessment of Ig isotypes will furthermore allow addressing research questions beyond SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: a multi-database population-based study in Tuscany (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Coi ◽  
◽  
Simone Barsotti ◽  
Michele Santoro ◽  
Fabio Almerigogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Drug Prescriptions ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Lower Survival ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Abstract Background Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis that includes vascular injury, abnormal immune activation, and tissue fibrosis. We provided a complete epidemiological characterization of SSc in the Tuscany region (Italy), considering prevalence and incidence, survival, comorbidities and drug prescriptions, by using a multi-database population-based approach. Cases of SSc diagnosed between 1st January 2003 and 31st December 2017 among residents in Tuscany were collected from the population-based Rare Diseases Registry of Tuscany. All cases were linked to regional health and demographic databases to obtain information about vital statistics, principal causes of hospitalization, complications and comorbidities, and drug prescriptions. Results The prevalence of SSc in Tuscany population resulted to be 22.2 per 100,000, with the highest prevalence observed for the cases aged ≥ 65 years (33.2 per 100,000, CI 95% 29.6–37.3). In females, SSc was predominant (86.7% on the total) with an overall sex ratio F/M of 6.5. Nevertheless, males presented a more severe disease, with a lower survival and significant differences in respiratory complications and metabolic comorbidities. Complications and comorbidities such as pulmonary involvement (HR = 1.66, CI 95% 1.17–2.35), congestive heart failure (HR = 2.76, CI 95% 1.80–4.25), subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhage (HR = 2.33, CI 95% 1.21–4.48) and malignant neoplasms (HR = 1.63, CI 95% 1.06–2.52), were significantly associated to a lower survival, also after adjustment for age, sex and other SSc-related complications. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors were the drugs with the more increasing prevalence of use in the 2008–2017 period. Conclusions The multi-database approach is important in the investigation of rare diseases where it is often difficult to provide accurate epidemiological indicators. A population-based registry can be exploited in synergy with health databases, to provide evidence related to disease outcomes and therapies and to assess the burden of disease, relying on a large cohort of cases. Building an integrated archive of data from multiple databases linking a cohort of patients to their comorbidities, clinical outcomes and survival, is important both in terms of treatment and prevention.

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