Bacterial Cold Shock Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H.W. Weber ◽  
Mohamed A. Marahiel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Nucleic Acid Binding ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Shock Response

As a measure for molecular motion, temperature is one of the most important environmental factors for life as it directly influences structural and hence functional properties of cellular components. After a sudden increase in ambient temperature, which is termed heat shock, bacteria respond by expressing a specific set of genes whose protein products are designed to mainly cope with heat-induced alterations of protein conformation. This heat shock response comprises the expression of protein chaperones and proteases, and is under central control of an alternative sigma factor (σ32) which acts as a master regulator that specifically directs RNA polymerase to transcribe from the heat shock promotors. In a similar manner, bacteria express a well-defined set of proteins after a rapid decrease in temperature, which is termed cold shock. This protein set, however, is different from that expressed under heat shock conditions and predominantly comprises proteins such as helicases, nucleases, and ribosome-associated components that directly or indirectly interact with the biological information molecules DNA and RNA. Interestingly, in contrast to the heat shock response, to date no cold-specific sigma factor has been identified. Rather, it appears that the cold shock response is organized as a complex stimulon in which post-transcriptional events play an important role. In this review, we present a summary of research results that have been acquired in recent years by examinations of bacterial cold shock responses. Important processes such as cold signal perception, membrane adaptation, and the modification of the translation apparatus are discussed together with many other cold-relevant aspects of bacterial physiology and first attempts are made to dissect the cold shock stimulon into less complex regulatory subunits. Special emphasis is placed on findings concerning the nucleic acid-binding cold shock proteins which play a fundamental role not only during cold shock adaptation but also under optimal growth conditions.

scholarly journals Coping with the cold: the cold shock response in the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1423) ◽  
pp. 895-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. W. Weber ◽  
Mohamed A. Marahiel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Nucleic Acid Binding ◽  
Cold Shock Response ◽  
Shock Response

All organisms examined to date, respond to a sudden change in environmental temperature with a specific cascade of adaptation reactions that, in some cases, have been identified and monitored at the molecular level. According to the type of temperature change, this response has been termed heat shock response (HSR) or cold shock response (CSR). During the HSR, a specialized sigma factor has been shown to play a central regulatory role in controlling expression of genes predominantly required to cope with heat-induced alteration of protein conformation. In contrast, after cold shock, nucleic acid structure and proteins interacting with the biological information molecules DNA and RNA appear to play a major cellular role. Currently, no cold–specific sigma factor has been identified. Therefore, unlike the HSR, the CSR appears to be organized as a complex stimulon rather than resembling a regulon. This review has been designed to draw a refined picture of our current understanding of the CSR in Bacillus subtilis . Important processes such as temperature sensing, membrane adaptation, modification of the translation apparatus, as well as nucleoid reorganization and some metabolic aspects, are discussed in brief. Special emphasis is placed on recent findings concerning the nucleic acid binding cold shock proteins, which play a fundamental role, not only during cold shock adaptation but also under optimal growth conditions.

Ubiquitin gene expression in Dictyostelium is induced by heat and cold shock, cadmium, and inhibitors of protein synthesis

1988 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muller-Taubenberger ◽  
J. Hagmann ◽  
A. Noegel ◽  
G. Gerisch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Cadmium Treatment ◽  
Shock Response

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved, multifunctional protein, which is implicated in the heat-shock response of eukaryotes. The differential expression of the multiple ubiquitin genes in Dictyostelium discoideum was investigated under various stress conditions. Growing D. discoideum cells express four major ubiquitin transcripts of sizes varying from 0.6 to 1.9 kb. Upon heat shock three additional ubiquitin mRNAs of 0.9, 1.2 and 1.4 kb accumulate within 30 min. The same three transcripts are expressed in response to cold shock or cadmium treatment. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide leads to a particularly strong accumulation of the larger ubiquitin transcripts, which code for polyubiquitins. Possible mechanisms regulating the expression of ubiquitin transcripts upon heat shock and other stresses are discussed.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic time-series analysis of cold- and heat-shock response in psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhan Cem Duru ◽  
Anne Ylinen ◽  
Sergei Belanov ◽  
Alan Ávila Pulido ◽  
Lars Paulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Network Inference ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Cold Shock Protein ◽  
Gene Network Inference ◽  
Cold Shock Response ◽  
Shock Response

Abstract Background: Psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species are the dominant species in microbiota of cold-stored modified-atmosphere-packaged food products and they are the main cause of food spoilage. But still, the cold- and heat-shock response of the spoilage-related psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria has not been studied. Here, to study cold- and heat-shock response of spoilage lactic acid bacteria, we performed time-series RNA-seq for Le. gelidum, Lc. piscium and P. oligofermentans using temperatures of 0 °C, 4 °C, 14 °C, 25 °C and 28 °C. Results: We showed that the cold-shock protein A (cspA) gene was the main cold-shock protein gene among cold-shock protein genes in all three species. Our results indicated DEAD-box RNA helicase genes (cshA, cshB) play a critical role in cold-shock response in psychrotrophic LAB. In addition, several RNase genes were also involved in cold-shock response in Lc. piscium and P. oligofermentans. Moreover, gene network inference analysis provided candidate genes involved in cold-shock response. Ribosomal proteins, tRNA modification, rRNA modification, and ABC and efflux MFS transporter genes clustered with cold-shock response genes in all three species, which was a strong indication that these genes would be part of cold-shock response machinery. Heat-shock treatment caused upregulation of Clp protease and chaperone genes in all three species and we were able to identify transcription binding site motifs for heat-shock response genes in Le. gelidum and Lc. piscium. Finally, we showed that food spoilage-related genes were upregulated at cold temperatures. Conclusions: The results of this study provide new insights into a better understanding of the cold- and heat-shock response in psychrotrophic LAB. In addition, candidate genes involved in cold- and heat-shock response predicted using gene network inference analysis could be used as a target for future studies.

scholarly journals Robust Heat Shock Response in Chlamydia Lacking a Typical Heat Shock Sigma Factor

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehong Huang ◽  
Wurihan Wurihan ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Yi Zou ◽  
Yuxuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Sigma Factors ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Alternative Sigma Factor ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Shock Response

Cells reprogram their transcriptome in response to stress, such as heat shock. In free-living bacteria, the transcriptomic reprogramming is mediated by increased DNA-binding activity of heat shock sigma factors and activation of genes normally repressed by heat-induced transcription factors. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analyses to investigate heat shock response in the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, whose genome encodes only three sigma factors and a single heat-induced transcription factor. Nearly one-third of C. trachomatis genes showed statistically significant (≥1.5-fold) expression changes 30 min after shifting from 37 to 45°C. Notably, chromosomal genes encoding chaperones, energy metabolism enzymes, type III secretion proteins, as well as most plasmid-encoded genes, were differentially upregulated. In contrast, genes with functions in protein synthesis were disproportionately downregulated. These findings suggest that facilitating protein folding, increasing energy production, manipulating host activities, upregulating plasmid-encoded gene expression, and decreasing general protein synthesis helps facilitate C. trachomatis survival under stress. In addition to relieving negative regulation by the heat-inducible transcriptional repressor HrcA, heat shock upregulated the chlamydial primary sigma factor σ66 and an alternative sigma factor σ28. Interestingly, we show for the first time that heat shock downregulates the other alternative sigma factor σ54 in a bacterium. Downregulation of σ54 was accompanied by increased expression of the σ54 RNA polymerase activator AtoC, thus suggesting a unique regulatory mechanism for reestablishing normal expression of select σ54 target genes. Taken together, our findings reveal that C. trachomatis utilizes multiple novel survival strategies to cope with environmental stress and even to replicate. Future strategies that can specifically target and disrupt Chlamydia’s heat shock response will likely be of therapeutic value.

scholarly journals Regulation of Corynebacterium glutamicum Heat Shock Response by the Extracytoplasmic-Function Sigma Factor SigH and Transcriptional Regulators HspR and HrcA

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (9) ◽  
pp. 2964-2972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeki Ehira ◽  
Haruhiko Teramoto ◽  
Masayuki Inui ◽  
Hideaki Yukawa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Hsp Genes ◽  
Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor

ABSTRACT Heat shock response in Corynebacterium glutamicum was characterized by whole-genome expression analysis using a DNA microarray. It was indicated that heat shock response of C. glutamicum included not only upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) genes encoding molecular chaperones and ATP-dependent proteases, but it also increased and decreased expression of more than 300 genes related to disparate physiological functions. An extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor, SigH, was upregulated by heat shock. The SigH regulon was defined by gene expression profiling using sigH-disrupted and overexpressing strains in conjunction with mapping of transcription initiation sites. A total of 45 genes, including HSP genes and genes involved in oxidative stress response, were identified as the SigH regulon. Expression of some HSP genes was also upregulated by deletion of the transcriptional regulators HspR and HrcA. HspR represses expression of the clpB and dnaK operons, and HrcA represses expression of groESL1 and groEL2. SigH was shown to play an important role in regulation of heat shock response in concert with HspR and HrcA, but its role is likely restricted to only a part of the regulation of C. glutamicum heat shock response. Upregulation of 18 genes encoding transcriptional regulators by heat shock suggests a complex regulatory network of heat shock response in C. glutamicum.

scholarly journals Transient cold shock induces the heat shock response upon recovery at 37 degrees C in human cells.

1994 ◽  
Vol 269 (20) ◽  
pp. 14768-14775 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Liu ◽  
H. Bian ◽  
L.E. Huang ◽  
Y.K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Shock Response

scholarly journals Transcriptomic time-series analysis of cold- and heat-shock response in psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhan Cem Duru ◽  
Anne Ylinen ◽  
Sergei Belanov ◽  
Alan Avila Pulido ◽  
Lars Paulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Network Inference ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Cold Shock Protein ◽  
Gene Network Inference ◽  
Cold Shock Response ◽  
Shock Response

Abstract Background Psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species are the dominant species in the microbiota of cold-stored modified-atmosphere-packaged food products and are the main cause of food spoilage. Despite the importance of psychrotrophic LAB, their response to cold or heat has not been studied. Here, we studied the transcriptome-level cold- and heat-shock response of spoilage lactic acid bacteria with time-series RNA-seq for Le. gelidum, Lc. piscium, and P. oligofermentans at 0 °C, 4 °C, 14 °C, 25 °C, and 28 °C. Results We observed that the cold-shock protein A (cspA) gene was the main cold-shock protein gene in all three species. Our results indicated that DEAD-box RNA helicase genes (cshA, cshB) also play a critical role in cold-shock response in psychrotrophic LAB. In addition, several RNase genes were involved in cold-shock response in Lc. piscium and P. oligofermentans. Moreover, gene network inference analysis provided candidate genes involved in cold-shock response. Ribosomal proteins, tRNA modification, rRNA modification, and ABC and efflux MFS transporter genes clustered with cold-shock response genes in all three species, indicating that these genes could be part of the cold-shock response machinery. Heat-shock treatment caused upregulation of Clp protease and chaperone genes in all three species. We identified transcription binding site motifs for heat-shock response genes in Le. gelidum and Lc. piscium. Finally, we showed that food spoilage-related genes were upregulated at cold temperatures. Conclusions The results of this study provide new insights on the cold- and heat-shock response of psychrotrophic LAB. In addition, candidate genes involved in cold- and heat-shock response predicted using gene network inference analysis could be used as targets for future studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document