scholarly journals The relationship of the relative abundance of masses of granites and rhyolites in the earth’s crust with the regularities of the rheology of the granitic magmas

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-502
Author(s):  
E. S. Persikov
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effusive Rock ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Relationship Of

Many years ago, V.S. Sobolev suggested that the reason for the relative prevalence of intrusive and effusive rock masses in the earth’s crust lies in the regularities of viscosity of water-bearing magmas in a variable field of temperatures and pressures. Alas, in those years it was not possible to solve this problem on a quantitative physical-chemical basis, since experimental and theoretical studies of the viscosity of such melts at high pressures were just beginning. In the present work, new regularities of the viscosity of near-liquid water-bearing acidic magmas in a wide range of thermodynamic parameters and depths of the Earth’s crust (1–30 km) is established using the structural-chemical model of reliable and correct predictions and calculations of the viscosity of magmas of virtually any composition. It determined that these regularities really are a quantitative physical-chemical basis explaining the reason for the relative distribution of masses of intrusive and effusive rocks of acidic composition in the earth’s crust.

III.—The Relationship of Isostasy, Earthquakes, and Vulcanicity to the Earth's Infra-Plutonic Shell

1914 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Leigh Fermor
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Mineral Transformations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Himalaya

The recent discussion on the origin of the Himalaya, initiated by Colonel S. G. Burrard in his paper “On the Origin of the Himalaya Mountains”, has centred in the theories of isostasy and mountain compensation advocated by the Rev. O. Fisher and Mr. J. F. Hayford.In his latest contribution to the subject Colonel Burrard states very clearly the problem of isostasy now requiring solution—“Continents and mountains have been found to be compensated by underlying deficiencies of density; how has this condition resembling hydrostatic equilibrium arisen upon a solid globe of rock?”In a recent paper I have advanced reasons for believing in the existence in the earth's crust at a certain depth, at present unknown, of a highly garnetiferous shell of rock, for which the name infra-plutonic zone or shell is suggested. This zone is situated at such a depth that pressure becomes a dominant factor in mineral transformations, the accompanying high temperature ensuring a sufficient degree of molecular mobility. It is suggested that under the influence of these high pressures (and temperatures) reactions will ensue between the various ferromagnesian silicates—micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines—and anorthite felspar, with the formation of garnet as a characteristic mineral: the reason assigned is that a reduction of volume accompanied by an absorption of heat is thereby effected, it being accepted that the garnet-forming reactions are endothermic.If one can accept the philosophical necessity for the existence of this infra-plutonic shell, then some theory of isostasy seems logically to follow, with the garnetiferous plastic-solid shell as the cushion upon which the isostatic adjustments of the earth's crust have their foundation.

scholarly journals Improving of electrical channels for magnetotelluric sounding instrumentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Prystai ◽  
V. O. Pronenko
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Magnetotelluric Sounding ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Geomagnetic Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earth's Crust

Abstract. The study of the deep structure of the Earth's crust is of great interest for both applied (e.g. mineral exploration) and scientific research. For this the electromagnetic (EM) studies which enable one to construct the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Earth's crust are of great use. The most common method of EM exploration is magnetotelluric sounding (MT). This passive method of research uses a wide range of natural geomagnetic variations as a powerful source of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, producing telluric current variations there. It includes the measurements of variations of natural electric and magnetic fields in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth. By this, the measurements of electric fields are much more complicated metrological processes, and, namely, they limit the precision of MT prospecting. This is especially complicated at deep sounding when measurements of long periods are of interest. The increase in the accuracy of the electric field measurement can significantly improve the quality of MT data. Because of this, the development of a new version of an instrument for the measurements of electric fields at MT – both electric field sensors and the electrometer – with higher levels relative to the known instrument parameter level – was initiated. The paper deals with the peculiarities of this development and the results of experimental tests of the new sensors and electrometers included as a unit in the long-period magnetotelluric station LEMI-420 are given.

scholarly journals The Correlation of Roasting Conditions in Selective Potassium Extraction from K-Feldspar Ore

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mete Tayhan Serdengeçti ◽  
Hüseyin Baştürkcü ◽  
Fırat Burat ◽  
Murat Olgaç Kangal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ceramic Glass ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Direct Leaching

Feldspar minerals are essential ingredients for the glass and ceramic-glass industries. The potassium element found in certain proportions in the composition of K-feldspar minerals has a fundamental function in the growth of plants. The production of potassium fertilizers is mostly made from the soluble minerals, which are located in lakes. Despite having a huge area of use in the agriculture industry, the reserves of these salts are limited and not evenly distributed in the earth’s crust. Due to the high availability of feldspar reserves in the earth’s crust, the production of potential potassium salts can provide a wide range of social and economic benefits. In this study, potassium extraction from a feldspar ore, which contained microcline, albite, muscovite, and quartz, was studied using chloridizing (CaCl2) roasting followed by leaching. Direct leaching experiments were also performed on the sample by adapting various solvents. To emphasize the importance of roasting before the dissolution process, different parameters such as particle size, roasting temperature, and duration, as well as the feldspar/CaCl2 ratio, were tested. Under the optimum conditions (i.e., −106 microns, 850 Co, 60 minutes, 1:1.5 feldspar:CaCl2), 99% of the potassium was successfully extracted from the ore feed.

VII.—A Reply to Sir H. Howorth's Paper on “Recent Changes of Level.”

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 502-505
Author(s):  
Mark Stirrup
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Geological Magazine

In a paper published in the Geological Magazine, September, 1894, Sir Henry Howorth expatiates on recent changes of the relative level of land and sea in support of his views on the Mammoth age and his diluvial catastrophe,inwhich there seems to me some very extraordinary confusion in the matter of geological chronology and sequence of events. The first paragraph reads as follows:—“In some recent papers published in the Geological Magazine, I have endeavoured to show that at the close of the Mammoth age there was a very considerable dislocation of the Earth's crust, and that a consequence of it was the upheaval of Some of the highest masses of land on the earth, including the massive mountains of Asia and the American Cordillera. I now propose to show that (as is a priori probable) there was a concurrent collapse or sinking of the ground over large areas, which, as in the corresponding upheaval, was very rapid, if not sudden” (the italics are mine). The suggested relationship of these various events and their alleged catastrophic character, induces me to again enter this ever-expanding field of controversy.In support of his thesis Sir Henry first refers to the subsidences which resulted in the separation of England from the Continent, and consequent extinction of the Mammoth. Assuming that the course of things was as stated, when it is further suggested that this event was contemporaneous with great dislocation of the Earth's crust, resultinginstupendous upheavals of mountain ranges in Asia and America, he attempts more than can well be proved.

scholarly journals Editorial for the Special Issue “The Rietveld Method in Geomaterials Characterisation”

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Kerestedjian
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rietveld Method ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earth's Crust

The raw materials obtained from the Earth’s crust (Geomaterials) are of fundamental importance for a wide range of industries [...]

scholarly journals Improving of electrical channels for magnetotelluric sounding instrumentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
A. M. Prystai ◽  
V. O. Pronenko
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Magnetotelluric Sounding ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Geomagnetic Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earth's Crust

Abstract. The study of deep structure of the Earth's crust is of great interest for both applied (e.g. mineral exploration) and scientific research. For this the electromagnetic (EM) studies which enable to construct the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Earth's crust are of great use. The most common method of EM exploration is magnetotelluric sounding (MT). This passive method of research uses a wide range of natural geomagnetic variations as a powerful source of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, producing there telluric currents variations. It includes the measurements of variations of natural electric and magnetic fields in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth. By this, the measurements of electric field are much more complicated metrological process, and namely they are limiting the precision of MT prospecting. This is especially complicated at deep sounding when measurements of long periods are of interest. The increase of the accuracy of the electric field measurement can significantly improve the quality of MT data. Because of this the development of new version of instrument for the measurements of electric field at MT – both electric field sensors and the electrometer – with higher relative to the known instruments parameters level were initiated. The paper deals with the peculiarities of this development and the results of experimental tests of the new sensors and electrometer included as a unit in the long-period magnetotelluric station LEMI-420 are given.

scholarly journals Estimation of the orientation of stress in the Earth’s crust without earthquake or borehole data

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Delorey ◽  
Götz H. R. Bokelmann ◽  
Christopher W. Johnson ◽  
Paul A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Earth Tides ◽  
Nonlinear Susceptibility ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Horizontal Compressive Stress ◽  
Earth's Crust

AbstractMechanical stress acting in the Earth’s crust is a fundamental property that is important for a wide range of scientific and engineering applications. The orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress can be estimated by inverting earthquake source mechanisms and measured directly from borehole-based measurements, but large regions of the continents have few or no observations. Here we present an approach to determine the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress by measuring stress-induced anisotropy of nonlinear susceptibility, which is the derivative of elastic modulus with respect to strain. Laboratory and Earth experiments show that nonlinear susceptibility is azimuthally dependent in an anisotropic stress field and is maximum in the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress. We observe this behavior in the Earth—in Oklahoma and New Mexico, U.S.A, where maximum nonlinear susceptibility coincides with the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress measured using traditional methods. Our measurements use empirical Green’s functions and solid-earth tides and can be applied at different temporal and spatial scales.

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