scholarly journals Optimasi UV-Photolithography Aligner dan Photomask Menggunakan Produk Komersial untuk Microfabrication

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delffika Canra ◽  
Dedi Suwandi
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
High Price ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Uv Lamps ◽  
Photolithography Process

The high price of a UV-photolithography aligner on the market is the reason for designing and characterize low cost UV-photolithography aligner. Photolithography process is simple but it needs patience, enable to modify photolithography aligner by using commercial components and certainly low price. The objective of this study is analyzing the ability of a commercial product in UV-photolithography process, search optimum exposure time and resolution. The method of photolithography process to be used is the method of contact alignment. Commercial UV lamps and cheap photomask are main component in this study. With a light intensity of 0.2 mW/cm2 require the exposure time at least 50 seconds. The smallest achievable resolution depends on the resolution photomask. The Results of smallest resolution is 165 m with a percentage error 10% of the original design.

Visible Light Assisted Hantzsch Reaction: Synthesis of Polycyclic Dihydropyridines

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 676-682
Author(s):  
Ankusab Noorahmadsab Nadaf ◽  
Kalegowda Shivashankar
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aromatic Aldehydes ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Short Reaction Time ◽  
Green Protocol ◽  
Dihydropyridine Derivatives

The polycyclic dihydropyridine nucleus represents the heterocyclic system of invaluable core motifs with wide applications in chemical, biological and physical properties. Although this kind of compounds have been extensively synthesized by other groups, the synthesis of these compounds under CFL light intensity were not explored. The synthesis of polycyclic dihydropyridine derivatives were achieved through the reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, aromatic aldehydes and ammonium acetate under CFL light irradiation conditions. A series of polycyclic dihydropyridine derivatives were prepared under CFL light irradiation conditions with high yield, short reaction time, ambient condition and without the use of catalyst. The results displayed an efficient method for the synthesis of polycyclic dihydropyridine derivatives. Clean profile, short reaction time, low cost and use of CFL light intensity instead of catalyst making it a genuinely green protocol.

scholarly journals Optimization of Design Scheme for Toll Plaza Based on M/M/C Queuing Theory and Cellular Automata Simulation Algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jian Liu ◽  
Jian Cao ◽  
Xiao-Yan Cao ◽  
Yuan-Biao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Safety Coefficient ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Toll Plaza

As an important field in traffic control science, the research in design of toll plazas has increasingly attracted attention of scholars and society. A good design of toll plaza needs to meet a lot of conditions, such as high safety coefficient, high throughput and low cost level. In this study, we established an evaluation model of toll plaza based on cellular automata and M/M/C queuing theory applying to three aspects: safety coefficient, throughput and cost. Then, we took the Asbury Park Toll Plaza in New Jersey as an example to analyze its performance and further optimized the design of the toll plaza. Compared with the original design, the optimized toll plaza we designed is proved to be safer and preferable. Last but not least, we further analyzed the robustness of the designed toll plaza, proving that the designed toll plaza had a preferable performance in reality.

scholarly journals Kinetics of bulk photo-initiated copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Byul Song ◽  
Austin Baranek ◽  
Christopher N. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Copper Salt ◽  
Solvent Content ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of bulk photo-initiated copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations is governed by several factors including the physicochemical nature of the monomers; the copper salt and photoinitiator types and concentrations; light intensity; exposure time and solvent content.

scholarly journals Design of an IoT based Real Time Environment Monitoring System using Legacy Sensors

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Aparajita Das ◽  
Manash Pratim Sarma ◽  
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma ◽  
Nikos Mastorakis
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Graphical Information ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Sun Light

This paper describes the design of an operative prototype based on Internet of Things (IoT) concepts for real time monitoring of various environmental conditions using certain commonly available and low cost sensors. The various environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, air pollution, sun light intensity and rain are continuously monitored, processed and controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller board with the help of several sensors. Captured data are broadcasted through internet with an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The projected system delivers sensors data to an API called ThingSpeak over an HTTP protocol and allows storing of data. The proposed system works well and it shows reliability. The prototype has been used to monitor and analyse real time data using graphical information of the environment.

scholarly journals Ion exchange resin selection for concentration and purification of uranium leached by sulphuric acid solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Quang Thai Le ◽  
Minh Tuan Pham ◽  
Nguyen Quynh Trinh ◽  
Khac Tuan Vu ◽  
Hong Ha Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
High Price ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Exchange ◽  
Uranium Solution

Ion exchange is one of the most popular techniques for recovery and purification of uranium from sulfuric acid leaching solution, especially for recovery of uranium from a low uranium containing solutions. Resins commonly used are strong base or weak base anion resins with amine functional group. The anionic form of resins may be NO3-, Cl- , SO­42- or OH-. The selection of  a resin depends on the uranium total exchange capacity, selectivity and the cost. The previous studies often use Amberlite IRA-420 for concentration and purification of uranium solution from Pa Lua sandstone ores. This is a good and suitable resin but high price. To diversify the resins and reduce the costs, instead of IRA-420, the authors tested two commercial resins Indion GS300 (India) and Purolite A400 (UK) in the processing of uranium solution from sandstone ores. The results showed that the uranium total exchange capacity of  these resins is only about 80 - 85% over  Amberlite IRA-420, but these resins should be able to be used instead of Amberlite IRA-420 due to their low cost and availability in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Industrial Gas Turbine Uprates: Tips, Tricks and Traps

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Ragland
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
Cycle Efficiency

After industrial gas turbines have been in production for some amount of time, there is often an opportunity to improve or “uprate” the engine’s output power or cycle efficiency or both. In most cases, the manufacturer would like to provide these uprates without compromising the proven reliability and durability of the product. Further, the manufacturer would like the development of this “Uprate” to be low cost, low risk and result in an improvement in “customer value” over that of the original design. This paper describes several options available for enhancing the performance of an existing industrial gas turbine engine and discusses the implications for each option. Advantages and disadvantages of each option are given along with considerations that should be taken into account in selecting one option over another. Specific options discussed include dimensional scaling, improving component efficiencies, increasing massflow, compressor zero staging, increasing firing temperature (thermal uprate), adding a recuperator, increasing cycle pressure ratio, and converting to a single shaft design. The implications on output power, cycle efficiency, off-design performance engine life or time between overhaul (TBO), engine cost, development time and cost, auxiliary requirements and product support issues are discussed. Several examples are provided where these options have been successfully implemented in industrial gas turbine engines.

scholarly journals Sensorless dual axis solar tracker using improved sun position algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1305
Author(s):  
Chan Men Loon ◽  
Muhamad Zalani Daud
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Measured Angle ◽  
Solar Tracker ◽  
Fixed Panel ◽  
Fixed System ◽  
Better Than

This paper presents development of a prototype sensorless dual axis solar tracker for maximum extraction of solar energy. To prove the concept and evaluate the proposed algorithm, a low cost widely availabe materials were used which was programmed based on Arduino microcontroller. The porposed algorithm works based on two search methods namely the global search that approximates the best point location in a region, and local search that further determines the actual sun’s position. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm gives better performance compared to the existing sun position algorithm (SPA) - based method as well as the fixed panel system. In terms of total output power, the proposed algorithm gives 17.96% more efficient than the fixed system and 6.38% better than the SPA-based system. Furthermore, the percentage error of the experimental measured angle to the actual sun azimuth angle was relatively minimal (less than 3%) during clear day operation. The system was proven to be effective in tracking the sun for improved energy production of solar PV panels and the proposed algorithm also can be used for designing the tracker with larger size of solar PV systems.

Analytical Processing Development of Tin Element Using Wavelength Dispersion X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisakorn Nuamsrinuan ◽  
Weeranuch Kaewwiset ◽  
Pichet Limsuwan ◽  
Kittisakchai Naemchanthara
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naa Technique ◽  
Analytical Processing

The aim of this work was to develop technical analysis of wavelength dispersion X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and compare with technical neutron activation analysis (NAA). First, the standard of tin oxide (SnO) was ground into powder and mixed with boric acid (H3BO3) as binder at different weight. All of samples were investigated by WDXRF in normalize mode.The results indicated that the range can use to calibration at sample weight 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g. Next, the three SnO samples from different area (A, B and C) were ground, mixed with binder at ratio 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g and investigated by WDXRF in normalize mode. The results show tin (Sn) content of sample area A, B and C were 75.71, 74.61 and 71.01%, respectively. The result from NAA technique show Sn content of sample A, B and C were 79.36, 77.48 and 73.35%. The percentage error of WDXRF and NAA technique of the samples from the different area had 4.63, 3.70 and 3.19%. From the experiment as examined that the WDXRF technique could be improve process for determine chemical composition which one of choice for easy to used and low cost.

Monitoring and Calibration of Long Term Mooring System Design Assumptions Through Use of AIS and Weather Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Børre Lillestøl ◽  
Odd Torbjørn Kårvand ◽  
Are Torstensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Mooring System ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Early Failures ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This paper outlines an approach on how to improve the mooring integrity of existing long term mooring systems by using existing and commercially available data. It will be demonstrated how the use of AIS and hindcast weather data can be used to increase understanding of mooring systems and to monitor and quantify gaps between "as-designed", "as-installed" and "as-is" of a long term mooring system. Long term moored units have traditionally suffered from many early failures, caused by damages and errors introduced in the installation phase, and costly and unnecessary "late in life" failures. A fact rated high on the agenda of the underwriters. Numerous papers have been written on this topic, but it is only in recent years the industry have started to ensure that systems are inspected to a sufficient degree with respect to the physical condition, taking these learnings into account. However, the second important element, the calibration of the mooring analysis vs. actual vessel and mooring system behavior/performance, have not yet gotten the attention required. Deviations from the intended design are introduced in the installation phase of a mooring system. In addition, the design assumptions will never be fully accurate. The gap between the design assumptions and the actual system will increase over time, and the industry today do not focus on mapping and quantifying the effect of this gap sufficiently. The described method explains how one can introduce a pro-active approach, without installing onboard equipment, but rather utilizing algorithms on existing data and design documentation. This paper focuses on the use of AIS data in combination with historic weather/environmental data and seek to demonstrate how this low-cost method can provide useful information with respect to the mooring system. To emphasize the mapped importance of such calibrations, the July 2021 Edition of the in-service DNV Class Rules, DNVGL-OS-0300, formally introduces requirements to calibration of design assumptions of long term mooring units through use of survey data, service history and actual mooring system behavior in order to ensure a unit's mooring system condition and performance is known in light of the original design assumptions.

scholarly journals Direct detection of charge and discharge process in supercapacitor by fiber-optic LSPR sensors

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Qian ◽  
Xinlong Chen ◽  
Shiyu Jiang ◽  
Qiwen Pan ◽  
Yachen Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
High Price ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSupercapacitors with high power density, ultralong lifespan and wide range operating temperature have drawn significant attention in recent years. However, monitoring the state of charge in supercapacitors in a cost-effective and flexible way is still challenging. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction can analyze the characteristics of supercapacitor well. But with large size and high price, they are not suitable for daily monitoring of the supercapacitors’ operation. In this paper, a low cost and easily fabricated fiber-optic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) probe is proposed to monitor the state of charge of the electrode in a supercapacitor. The Au nanoparticles were loading on the fiber core as LSPR sensing region. In order to implant the fiber in the supercapacitor, a reflective type of fiber sensor was used. The results show that this tiny fiber-optic LSPR sensor can provide online monitoring of the state of charge during the charging and discharging process in situ. The intensity shift in LSPR sensor has a good linear relationship with the state of charge calculated by standard galvanostatic charging and discharging test. In addition, this LSPR sensor is insensitive to the temperature change, presenting a great potential in practical applications.

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