scholarly journals A neuropsychological approach to time estimation

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Time estimation, within a range of seconds, involves cognitive functions which depend on multiple brain regions. Here we report on studies investigating the reproduction and production of three durations (5, 14, and 38 seconds) in four groups of patients. The amnesic patient underproduced the length of the long durations because of episodic memory deficit following bilateral medial temporal lesions. Epileptic patients (n = 9) with right medial temporal lobe resections underproduced the three durations because of a distorted representation of time in long-term memory. Traumatic brain injury patients (n = 15) made more variable duration productions and reproductions because of working memory deficits following frontal-lobe dysfunction. Patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 18) overproduced the short duration and underproduced the long duration because of a possible increase in internal clock speed following levodopa treatment, as well as working memory deficits associated with frontal-lobe damage. Further research, in neurological and psychiatric patients, is required to better understand the underlying mechanisms of time estimation.

scholarly journals From cognitive to neural models of working memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Active Maintenance

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be stored for longer periods of time through active maintenance or rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behaviour. Empirical studies of working memory using neuroscientific techniques, such as neuronal recordings in monkeys or functional neuroimaging in humans, have advanced our knowledge of the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory. This rich dataset can be reconciled with behavioural findings derived from investigating the cognitive mechanisms underlying working memory. In this paper, I review the progress that has been made towards this effort by illustrating how investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying working memory can be influenced by cognitive models and, in turn, how cognitive models can be shaped and modified by neuroscientific data. One conclusion that arises from this research is that working memory can be viewed as neither a unitary nor a dedicated system. A network of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is critical for the active maintenance of internal representations that are necessary for goal-directed behaviour. Thus, working memory is not localized to a single brain region but probably is an emergent property of the functional interactions between the PFC and the rest of the brain.

Neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory: insights from brain stimulation studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakia Z Haque ◽  
Ranshikha Samandra ◽  
Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The concept of working memory refers to a collection of cognitive abilities and processes involved in the short-term storage of task-relevant information to guide the ongoing and upcoming behaviour and therefore describes an important aspect of executive control of behaviour for achieving goals. Deficits in working memory and related cognitive abilities have been observed in patients with brain damage or neuropsychological disorders and therefore it is important to better understand neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory. Working memory relies on neural mechanisms that enable encoding, maintenance and manipulation of stored information as well as integrating them with ongoing and future goals. Recently, a surge in brain stimulation studies have led to development of various non-invasive techniques for localized stimulation of prefrontal and other cortical regions in humans. These brain stimulation techniques can potentially be tailored to influence neural activities in particular brain regions and modulate cognitive functions and behaviour. Combined use of brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording have provided a great opportunity to monitor neural activity in various brain regions and non-invasively intervene and modulate cognitive functions in cognitive tasks. These studies have shed more light on the neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory in humans. Here, we review findings and insight from these brain stimulation studies about the contribution of brain regions, and particularly prefrontal cortex, to working memory.

General discussion

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1346) ◽  
pp. 1481-1482 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
University Of Oxford

L. Weiskrantz ( Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, U. K.). I have tried to link what we have heard from experimental studies in humans with what we have heard from experimental studies in monkeys concerning functions of the prefrontal cortex. The obvious difference is that in my experience, patients with posterior cortical lesions are often those with shortterm memory deficits (such as patient KF), whereas you have to work very hard with frontal lobe lesioned patients to see profound impairments of that kind. This provides an obvious contrast with experimental studies in monkeys which suggest a role for the prefrontal cortex in just such simple short-term or working memory processes. I was wondering if any of the speakers would care to comment on this rather obvious distinction between human and monkey work that has been presented so far?

Distinct neural correlates of associative working memory and long-term memory encoding in the medial temporal lobe

NeuroImage ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 989-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko C. Bergmann ◽  
Mark Rijpkema ◽  
Guillén Fernández ◽  
Roy P.C. Kessels
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Term Memory

The contribution of long-term memory and the role of frontal-lobe systems in on-line processing

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Ryan ◽  
Neal J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Binding ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
On Line

Ruchkin et al. ascribe a pivotal role to long-term memory representations and binding within working memory. Here we focus on the interaction of working memory and long-term memory in supporting on-line representations of experience available to guide on-going processing, and we distinguish the role of frontal-lobe systems from what the hippocampus contributes to relational long-term memory binding.

scholarly journals Autobiographical Memory Retrieval and Hippocampal Activation as a Function of Repetition and the Passage of Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Nadel ◽  
Jenna Campbell ◽  
Lee Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Multiple Trace Theory

Multiple trace theory (MTT) predicts that hippocampal memory traces expand and strengthen as a function of repeated memory retrievals. We tested this hypothesis utilizing fMRI, comparing the effect of memory retrieval versus the mere passage of time on hippocampal activation. While undergoing fMRI scanning, participants retrieved remote autobiographical memories that had been previously retrieved either one month earlier, two days earlier, or multiple times during the preceding month. Behavioral analyses revealed that the number and consistency of memory details retrieved increased with multiple retrievals but not with the passage of time. While all three retrieval conditions activated a similar set of brain regions normally associated with autobiographical memory retrieval including medial temporal lobe structures, hippocampal activation did not change as a function of either multiple retrievals or the passage of time. However, activation in other brain regions, including the precuneus, lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, lateral temporal lobe, and perirhinal cortex increased after multiple retrievals, but was not influenced by the passage of time. These results have important implications for existing theories of long-term memory consolidation.

Psychoeducation about Cognitive Differences

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-137
Author(s):  
Jan Willer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Estimation Problems

Psychoeducation is probably the most powerful and effective intervention for ADHD, and experts universally agree that psychoeducation is essential for effective treatment. Clients learn to understand the differences in how their brains function and how this has contributed to their difficulties. Psychoeducation helps clients stop telling themselves that they “should” be able to use their brains the same way everyone else does. These insights empower the client to learn, develop, and deploy effective individualized coping strategies. Some of the challenges of ADHD are also examined in this chapter, including attention problems, working memory deficits, distractibility, hyperactivity, time estimation problems, emotional dysregulation, and others.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Occupational Complexity on Working Memory in Patients with Frontal Lobe Tumors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Ebina ◽  
Mie Matsui ◽  
Masashi Kinoshita ◽  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Mitsutoshi Nakada
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Occupational Complexity ◽  
Brain Tumor Resection

Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) is the capacity to cope with cognitive impairments due to brain damage by neurological disease. CR is increased by intellectually enriching activities, such as education, occupation, and leisure. After brain tumor resection, patients show working memory impairment because of damage to fronto-parietal networks, such as the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF). To date, whether occupational experience represented as CR impacts postoperative working memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe tumors remains unknown. We hypothesized that occupational experience predicted postoperative working memory and that higher damage in the SLF was associated with poorer working memory. We enrolled 27 patients who had undergone tumor resection. Patient's occupational experience was estimated using an occupational complexity index based on a dictionary of occupational titles. Working memory was measured using verbal and spatial working memory tasks. Our results showed that patients who had engaged in more complex occupations showed higher performance of postoperative working memory, which supported the previous CR hypothesis. In conclusion, CR has protective effects against working memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe tumors. CR measures, such as occupational experience, will help more accurately predict the severity of working memory deficits and the likelihood of recovery in the postoperative period.

scholarly journals Interacting effects of frontal lobe neuroanatomy and working memory capacity to older listeners’ speech recognition in noise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Giroud ◽  
Matthias Keller ◽  
Martin Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Age Related

AbstractMany older adults are struggling with understanding spoken language, particularly when background noise interferes with comprehension. In the present study, we investigated a potential interaction between two well-known factors associated with greater speech-in-noise (SiN) reception thresholds in older adults, namely a) lower working memory capacity and b) age-related structural decline of frontal lobe regions.In a sample of older adults (N=25) and younger controls (N=13) with normal pure-tone thresholds, SiN reception thresholds and working memory capacity were assessed. Furthermore, T1-weighted structural MR-images were recorded to analyze neuroanatomical traits (i.e., cortical thickness (CT) and cortical surface area (CSA)) of the cortex.As expected, the older group showed greater SiN reception thresholds compared to the younger group. We also found consistent age-related atrophy (i.e., lower CT) in brain regions associated with SiN recognition namely the superior temporal lobe bilaterally, the right inferior frontal and precentral gyrus, as well as the left superior frontal gyrus. Those older participants with greater atrophy in these brain regions also showed greater SiN reception thresholds. Interestingly, the association between CT in the left superior frontal gyrus and SiN reception thresholds was moderated by individual working memory capacity. Older adults with greater working memory capacity benefitted more strongly from thicker frontal lobe regions when it comes to improve SiN recognition.Overall, our results fit well into the literature showing that age-related structural decline in auditory- and cognition-related brain areas is associated with greater SiN reception thresholds in older adults. However, we highlight that this association changes as a function of individual working memory capacity. We therefore believe that future interventions to improve SiN recognition in older adults should take into account the role of the frontal lobe as well as individual working memory capacity.HighlightsSpeech-in-noise (SiN) reception thresholds are significantly increased with higher age, independently of pure-tone hearing lossGreater SiN reception thresholds are associated with cortical thinning in several auditory-, linguistic-, and cognitive-related brain areas, irrespective of pure-tone hearing lossGreater cortical thinning in the left superior frontal lobe is detrimental for SiN recognition in older, but not younger adultsOlder adults with greater working memory capacity benefit more strongly from structural integrity of left superior frontal lobe for SiN recognition

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