Neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory: insights from brain stimulation studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakia Z Haque ◽  
Ranshikha Samandra ◽  
Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The concept of working memory refers to a collection of cognitive abilities and processes involved in the short-term storage of task-relevant information to guide the ongoing and upcoming behaviour and therefore describes an important aspect of executive control of behaviour for achieving goals. Deficits in working memory and related cognitive abilities have been observed in patients with brain damage or neuropsychological disorders and therefore it is important to better understand neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory. Working memory relies on neural mechanisms that enable encoding, maintenance and manipulation of stored information as well as integrating them with ongoing and future goals. Recently, a surge in brain stimulation studies have led to development of various non-invasive techniques for localized stimulation of prefrontal and other cortical regions in humans. These brain stimulation techniques can potentially be tailored to influence neural activities in particular brain regions and modulate cognitive functions and behaviour. Combined use of brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording have provided a great opportunity to monitor neural activity in various brain regions and non-invasively intervene and modulate cognitive functions in cognitive tasks. These studies have shed more light on the neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory in humans. Here, we review findings and insight from these brain stimulation studies about the contribution of brain regions, and particularly prefrontal cortex, to working memory.

scholarly journals Developmental Fractionation of Working Memory and Response Inhibition During Childhood

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tsujimoto ◽  
Mariko Kuwajima ◽  
Toshiyuki Sawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) plays a major role in both working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI), which are fundamental for various cognitive abilities. We explored the relationship between these LPFC functions during childhood development by examining the performance of two groups of children in visuospatial and auditory WM tasks and a go/no-go RI task. In the younger children (59 5- and 6-year-olds), performance on the visuospatial WM task correlated significantly with that in the auditory WM task. Furthermore, accuracy in these tasks correlated significantly with performance on the RI task, particularly in the no-go trials. In contrast, there were no significant correlations among those tasks in older children (92 8- and 9-year-olds). These results suggest that functional neural systems for visuospatial WM, auditory WM, and RI, especially those in the LPFC, become fractionated during childhood, thereby enabling more efficient processing of these critical cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Genetic Architecture of Working Memory Cognitive Function of Twins

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
. Annu ◽  
Bimla Dhanda
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Heritability Estimate ◽  
Heritability Estimates

The twin research has provided a deep understanding of the influence of genetic and the environment on cognitive functions. The contribution of genetic material accounted for 50-65% in the variations of working memory cognitive functions of twins. To conduct twin study 100 pairs of twins from two districts, namely: Bhiwani (N = 90) and Hisar (N = 110) of Haryana State, were taken. The working memory cognitive functions of twins were measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R). Heritability estimate was used to examine the genes that contributed to shaping the cognitive functions of twins. The result of heritability estimates revealed that the heritability estimates of working memory cognitive functions namely: digit span (62%), maze (58%) and arithmetic (58%) in Bhiwani district and Hisar district, were 57%, 51% and 54% for digit span, maze, and arithmetic respectively. The findings elucidated that the working memory cognitive functions were more influenced by genetic architecture than the environmental factors. The monozygotic twins were more correlated in their general cognitive abilities than the dizygotic twins.

Transfer of Training between Working Memory Task and Attentional Task

2016 ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Ting Guo ◽  
Yanna Ren ◽  
Xiaotong Zhu ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Satoshi Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Attention Memory

The present studies indicate that training effects in a certain domain may result in the acquired skills being transferred to other domains that require similar abilities. Cognitive training involves structured exercises that are prescribed and undertaken with the purpose of enhancing cognitive abilities, such as attention, memory, and problem solving. In contrast to symptomatic pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological approaches may further improve patients' situations. Our aim was to summarize the empirical evidence for the rehabilitation of individuals with cognitive disorders by using training tasks to enhance specific cognitive functions to combat against cognitive degradation and transfer the benefits to other widely used domains.

The Physiological Basis of Executive Function and Working Memory

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
Murray Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical

The term “executive function” has been used to capture the highest order of cognitive abilities, including the planning, flexibility, organization and regulation necessary for the execution of an appropriate behavior. Executive function, although an elusive cognitive domain, may be highly dependent on working memory, which refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information. The physiology of working memory is beginning to be mapped in both monkey and human studies at the neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels. Working memory is likely subserved by a distributed network of brain regions in which the prefrontal cortex is critical, subserving the process of maintaining representations across time. There is also a relationship between dopaminergic projections in the brain and working memory. Improved understanding of the physiological basis of executive functioning and working memory will provide a narrower view of prefrontal cortical function and may lead to new therapies in patients with cognitive dysfunction.

scholarly journals A novel variable delay Go/No-Go task to study attention, motivation and working memory in the head-fixed rodent

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D Dolzani ◽  
Shinya Nakamura ◽  
Donald C Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Guide Cannula ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Ongoing Behavior ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
The Subject

In order to parse the causal elements underlying complex behaviors and decision-making processes, appropriate behavioral methods must be developed and used in concurrence with molecular, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches. Presented is a protocol for a novel Go/No-Go behavioral paradigm to study the brain attention and motivation/reward circuitry in awake, head-restrained rodents. This experimental setup allows: (1) Pharmacological and viral manipulation of various brain regions via targeted guide cannula; (2) Optogenetic cell-type specific activation and silencing with simultaneous electrophysiological recording and; (3) Repeated electrophysiological single and multiple unit recordings during ongoing behavior. The task consists of three components. The subject first makes an observing response by initiating a trial by lever pressing in response to distinctive Go or No-Go tones.  Then, after a variable delay period, the subject is presented with a challenge period cued by white noise during which they must respond with a lever press for the Go condition or withhold from lever pressing for the duration of the cue in the No-Go condition. After correctly responding during the challenge period (Challenge) and a brief delay, a final reward tone of the same frequency as the initiation tone is presented and sucrose reward delivery is available and contingent upon lever pressing. Here, we provide a novel procedure and validating data set that allows researchers to study and manipulate components of behavior such as attention, motivation, impulsivity, and reward-related working memory during an ongoing operant behavioral task while limiting interference from non task-related behaviors.

scholarly journals A neuropsychological approach to time estimation

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Time estimation, within a range of seconds, involves cognitive functions which depend on multiple brain regions. Here we report on studies investigating the reproduction and production of three durations (5, 14, and 38 seconds) in four groups of patients. The amnesic patient underproduced the length of the long durations because of episodic memory deficit following bilateral medial temporal lesions. Epileptic patients (n = 9) with right medial temporal lobe resections underproduced the three durations because of a distorted representation of time in long-term memory. Traumatic brain injury patients (n = 15) made more variable duration productions and reproductions because of working memory deficits following frontal-lobe dysfunction. Patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 18) overproduced the short duration and underproduced the long duration because of a possible increase in internal clock speed following levodopa treatment, as well as working memory deficits associated with frontal-lobe damage. Further research, in neurological and psychiatric patients, is required to better understand the underlying mechanisms of time estimation.

scholarly journals Network-targeted, multi-site direct cortical stimulation enhances working memory by modulating phase lag of low frequency oscillations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankaraleengam Alagapan ◽  
Justin Riddle ◽  
Wei Angel Huang ◽  
Eldad Hadar ◽  
Hae Won Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Alpha Frequency ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Parietal Cortices

AbstractWorking memory, an important component of cognitive control, is supported by the coordinated activation of a network of cortical regions in the frontal and parietal cortices. Oscillations in theta and alpha frequency bands are thought to coordinate these network interactions. Thus, targeting multiple nodes of the network with brain stimulation at the frequency of interaction may be an effective means of modulating working memory. We tested this hypothesis by identifying regions that are functionally connected in theta and alpha frequency bands and intracranially stimulating both regions simultaneously in participants undergoing invasive monitoring. We found that in-phase stimulation resulted in improvement in performance compared to sham stimulation. In contrast, anti-phase stimulation did not affect performance. In-phase stimulation resulted in decreased phase lag between regions within working memory network while anti-phase stimulation resulted in increased phase lag suggesting that shorter phase lag in oscillatory connectivity may lead to better performance. The results support the idea that phase lag may play a key role in information transmission across brain regions. More broadly, brain stimulation strategies that aim to improve cognition may be better served targeting multiple nodes of brain networks.

scholarly journals Uncovering the underlying mechanisms and whole-brain dynamics of therapeutic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Saenger ◽  
Joshua Kahan ◽  
Tom Foltynie ◽  
Karl Friston ◽  
Tipu Z Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease is a highly effective treatment in controlling otherwise debilitating symptoms yet the underlying brain mechanisms are currently not well understood. We used whole-brain computational modeling to disclose the effects of DBS ON and OFF during collection of resting state fMRI in ten Parkinson's Disease patients. Specifically, we explored the local and global impact of DBS in creating asynchronous, stable or critical oscillatory conditions using a supercritical bifurcation model. We found that DBS shifts the global brain dynamics of patients nearer to that of healthy people by significantly changing the bifurcation parameters in brain regions implicated in Parkinson's Disease. We also found higher communicability and coherence brain measures during DBS ON compared to DBS OFF. Finally, by modeling stimulation we identified possible novel DBS targets. These results offer important insights into the underlying effects of DBS, which may in time offer a route to more efficacious treatments.

Elucidating and Modulating the Neural Correlates of Visuospatial Working Memory via Noninvasive Brain Stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Hung Juan ◽  
Philip Tseng ◽  
Tzu-Yu Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Memory Mechanism ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Visuospatial working memory refers to the short-term memory mechanism that enables humans to remember visual information across visual blackout periods such as eyeblinks or eye movements. In recent years, neuroscientific studies have made great progress in uncovering the brain regions that support visuospatial working memory. In this review, we focus on the role of the posterior parietal cortex in forming and maintaining visual information, and use it as an example to highlight how noninvasive brain-stimulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic, direct current, and alternating current stimulation, can shed light on this topic because of their unique strengths in modulating brain activities.

scholarly journals Oscillation-driven memory encoding, maintenance and recall in an entorhinal-hippocampal circuit model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Kurikawa ◽  
Kenji Mizuseki ◽  
Tomoki Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
Experimental Data Analysis ◽  
The Brain

SummaryDuring the execution of working memory tasks, task-relevant information is processed by local circuits across multiple brain regions. How this multi-area computation is conducted by the brain remains largely unknown. To explore such mechanisms in spatial working memory, we constructed a neural network model involving parvalbumin-positive, somatostatin-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 and the superficial and deep layers of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Our model is based on a hypothesis that cholinergic modulations differently regulate information flows across CA1 and MEC at memory encoding, maintenance and recall during delayed nonmatching-to-place tasks. In the model, theta oscillation coordinates the proper timing of interactions between these regions. Furthermore, the model predicts that MEC is engaged in decoding as well as encoding spatial memory, which we confirmed by experimental data analysis. Thus, our model accounts for the neurobiological characteristics of the cross-area information routing underlying working memory tasks.

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