scholarly journals Rich-club circuitry: function, evolution and vulnerability

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Rich Club ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past decades, network neuroscience has played a fundamental role in the understanding of large-scale brain connectivity architecture. Brains, and more generally nervous systems, can be modeled as sets of elements (neurons, assemblies, or cortical chunks) that dynamically interact through a highly structured and adaptive neurocircuitry. An interesting property of neural networks is that elements rich in connections are central to the network organization and tend to interconnect strongly with each other, forming so-called rich clubs. The ubiquity of rich-club organization across different species and scales of investigation suggests that this topology could be a distinctive feature of biological systems with information processing capabilities. This review surveys recent neuroimaging, computational, and cross-species comparative literature to offer an insight into the function and origin of rich-club architecture in nervous systems, discussing its relevance to human cognition and behavior, and vulnerability to brain disorders.

Brains as Engines of Association

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Neural Systems ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Lifetime Experience ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
And Behavior

Brains as Engines of Association seeks an operating principle of the human brain and is divided into four parts. The first part (“What Nervous Systems Do for Animals”) is intended to set the stage for understanding the emergence of neural systems as promoting what all organisms must accomplish: survival and reproduction. The second part (“Neural Systems as Engines of Association”) lays out the general argument that biological sensing systems face a daunting problem: they cannot measure the parameters of the world in the way physical instruments can. As a result, nervous systems must make and update associations (synaptic connections) on the basis of empirical success or failure over both evolutionary and individual time. The third part (“Evidence that Neural Systems Operate Empirically”) reviews evidence accumulated over the past 20 years that supports this interpretation in vision and audition, the sensory systems that have been most studied from this or any other perspective. Finally, the fourth part (“Alternative Concepts of Neural Function”) considers the pros and cons of other interpretations of how brains operate. The overarching theme is that the nervous systems of humans and every other animal operate on the basis associations between stimuli and behavior made by trial and error over species and lifetime experience.

scholarly journals Address of the President Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1941

1942 ◽  
Vol 179 (978) ◽  
pp. 233-260 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technical College ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pure Mathematics ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

This is the first occasion on which I have had the great honour of addressing the Royal Society on this anniversary of its foundation. According to custom, I begin with brief mention of those whom death has taken from our Fellowship during the past year, and whose memories we honour. Alfred Young (1873-1940), distinguished for his contributions to pure mathematics, was half brother to another of our Fellows, Sydney Young, a chemist of eminence. Alfred Young had an insight into the symbolic structure and manipulation of algebra, which gave him a special place among his mathematical contemporaries. After a successful career at Cambridge he entered the Church, and passed his later years in the country rectory of Birdbrook, Essex. His devotion to mathematics continued, however, throughout his life, and he published a steady stream of work in the branch of algebra which he had invented, and named ‘quantitative substitutional analysis’. He lived to see his methods adopted by Weyl in his quantum mechanics and spectroscopy. He was elected to our Fellowship in 1934. With the death of Miles Walker (1868-1941) the Society loses a pioneer in large-scale electrical engineering. Walker was a man of wide interests. He was trained first for the law, and even followed its practice for a period. Later he studied electrical engineering under Sylvanus Thompson at the Finsbury Technical College and became his assistant for several years. Thereafter, encouraged by Thompson, he entered St John’s College, Cambridge, with a scholarship, and graduated with 1st Class Honours in both the Natural Sciences and the Engineering Tripos. Having entered the service of the British Westinghouse Company, he was sent by them to the United States of America to study electrical engineering with the parent company in Pittsburgh. On his return to England he became their leading designer of high-speed electrical generators

scholarly journals Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia—Hematopathology Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siba El Hussein ◽  
Sa A. Wang ◽  
Naveen Pemmaraju ◽  
Joseph D. Khoury ◽  
Sanam Loghavi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
Sequencing Studies ◽  
Myelomonocytic Leukemia ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Our understanding of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has evolved tremendously over the past decade. Large-scale sequencing studies have led to increased insight into the genomic landscape of CMML and clinical implications of these changes. This in turn has resulted in refined and improved risk stratification models, which to date remain versatile and subject to remodeling, as new and evolving studies continue to refine our understanding of this disease. In this article, we present an up-to-date review of CMML from a hematopathology perspective, while providing a clinically practical summary that sheds light on the constant evolution of our understanding of this disease.

On the calculation of the reliability of general load sharing systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 777-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiowjen Lee ◽  
S. Durham ◽  
J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Recursive Formula ◽  
Load Sharing ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Cancellation Property ◽  
Sharing Rules ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Insight Into

Harlow et al. (1983) have given a recursive formula which is fundamental for computing the bundle strength distribution under a general class of load sharing rules called monotone load sharing rules. As the bundle size increases, the formula becomes prohibitively complex and, by itself, does not give much insight into the relationship of the assumed load sharing rule to the overall strength distribution. In this paper, an algorithm is given which gives some additional insight into this relationship. Here it is shown how to explicitly compute the bundle strength survival distribution by using a new type of graph called the loading diagram. The graph is parallel in structure and recursive in nature and so would appear to lend itself to large-scale computation. In addition, the graph has an interesting property (which we refer to as the cancellation property) which is related to the asymptotics of the Weibull as a minimum stable law.

scholarly journals Open Science in Data-Intensive Psychology and Cognitive Science

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Paxton ◽  
Alexa Tullett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Share Data ◽  
And Behavior

Today, researchers can collect, analyze, and share more data than ever before. Not only does increasing technological capacity open the door to new data-intensive perspectives in cognitive science and psychology (i.e., research that takes advantage of complex or large-scale data to understand human cognition and behavior), but increasing connectedness has sparked exponential increases in the ease and practice of scientific transparency. The growing open science movement encourages researchers to share data, materials, methods, and publications with other scientists and the wider public. Open science benefits data-intensive psychological science, the public, and public policy, and we present recommendations to improve the adoption of open science practices by changing the academic incentive structure and by improving the education pipeline. Despite ongoing questions about implementing open science guidelines, policy makers have an unprecedented opportunity to shape the next frontier of scientific discovery.

scholarly journals Open Science in Data-Intensive Psychology and Cognitive Science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Paxton ◽  
Alexa Mary Tullett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Share Data ◽  
And Behavior

Today, researchers can collect, analyze, and share more data than ever before. Not only does increasing technological capacity open the door to new data-intensive perspectives in cognitive science and psychology (that is, research that takes advantage of complex or large-scale data to understand human cognition and behavior), but increasing connectedness has sparked exponential increases in the ease and practice of scientific transparency. The growing open science movement encourages researchers to share data, materials, methods, and publications with other scientists and the wider public. Open science benefits data-intensive psychological science, the public, and public policy, and we present recommendations to improve the adoption of open science practices by changing the academic incentive structure and by improving the education pipeline. Despite ongoing questions about implementing open-science guidelines, policymakers have an unprecedented opportunity to shape the next frontier of scientific discovery.

scholarly journals Emission, Transport, and Deposition of visible Plastics in an Estuary and the Baltic Sea—a Monitoring and Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Schernewski ◽  
Hagen Radtke ◽  
Esther Robbe ◽  
Mirco Haseler ◽  
Rahel Hauk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Aim was to assess whether a comprehensive approach linking existing knowledge with monitoring and modeling can provide an improved insight into coastal and marine plastics pollution. We focused on large micro- and mesoplastic (1–25 mm) and selected macroplastic items. Emission calculations, samplings in the Warnow river and estuary (water body and bottom sediments) and a flood accumulation zone monitoring served as basis for model simulations on transport and behavior in the entire Baltic Sea. Considered were the most important pathways, sewage overflow and stormwater. The coastline monitoring together with calculations allowed estimating plastics emissions for Rostock city and the Warnow catchment. Average concentrations at the Warnow river mouth were 0.016 particles/m³ and in the estuary 0.14 particles/m³ (300 µm net). The estuary and nearby Baltic Sea beaches were hot-spots for plastic accumulation with 6–31 particles/m². With increasing distance from the estuary, the concentrations dropped to 0.3 particles/m². This spatial pattern, the plastic pollution gradients and the observed annual accumulation values were consistent with the model results. Indicator items for sewer overflow and stormwater emissions exist, but were only found at low numbers in the environment. The considered visible plastics alone can hardly serve as indicator for microplastic pollution (<1 mm). The use of up-scaled emission data as input for Baltic Sea model simulations provided information on large scale emission, transport and deposition patterns of visible plastics. The results underline the importance of plastic retention in rivers and estuaries.

scholarly journals B (1). Local Structure: Distribution of Different Types of Stars in the Plane

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Local Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Insight Into

Numerous extensive studies of the space distribution of stars of different spectral types, based on star counts and colour measures, have in the past been published for different sections of the Milky Way.1 These studies have given information on the nearby obscuring clouds, and they have revealed marked differences between the distribution of different kinds of stars. They have not, however, given us the much desired insight into the large-scale features of the density distribution.

scholarly journals Tales from the Supplementary Information: Ancestry Change in Chalcolithic–Early Bronze Age Britain Was Gradual with Varied Kinship Organization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Booth ◽  
Joanna Brück ◽  
Selina Brace ◽  
Ian Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Rapid Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Insight Into

Large-scale archaeogenetic studies of people from prehistoric Europe tend to be broad in scope and difficult to resolve with local archaeologies. However, accompanying supplementary information often contains useful finer-scale information that is comprehensible without specific genetics expertise. Here, we show how undiscussed details provided in supplementary information of aDNA papers can provide crucial insight into patterns of ancestry change and genetic relatedness in the past by examining details relating to a >90 per cent shift in the genetic ancestry of populations who inhabited Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Britain (c. 2450–1600 bc). While this outcome was certainly influenced by movements of communities carrying novel ancestries into Britain from continental Europe, it was unlikely to have been a simple, rapid process, potentially taking up to 16 generations, during which time there is evidence for the synchronous persistence of groups largely descended from the Neolithic populations. Insofar as genetic relationships can be assumed to have had social meaning, identification of genetic relatives in cemeteries suggests paternal relationships were important, but there is substantial variability in how genetic ties were referenced and little evidence for strict patrilocality or female exogamy.

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