scholarly journals Glacier Flow and the Growth of the Glacier Grain

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
G. Seligman
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Differential Movement ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pressure Melting ◽  
Glacier Flow

The crystallographic results of the Jungfraujoch Research Party’s investigations were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in August 1939. It has since occurred to me that insufficient attention was drawn to another factor affecting the movement and growth of the glacier grain, namely the possibility of pressure melting, followed by regelation. There are numerous air spaces between glacier grains at all stages until they approach the state of pure ice, and it seems natural that while two neighbouring grains (which are continually moving differentially to one another) arc in contact, pressure melting, will take place, and that when the film of water reaches an air space it will refreeze. The effect will become less as the firn passes into ice owing to the decrease in the amount of air space and the increased interlocking, of the grains, which makes their differential movement more difficult. Naturally, also, pressure melting would not take place at those points in the glacier which were appreciably below freezing point.

scholarly journals Glacier Flow and the Growth of the Glacier Grain

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
G. Seligman
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Differential Movement ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pressure Melting ◽  
Glacier Flow

The crystallographic results of the Jungfraujoch Research Party’s investigations were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in August 1939. It has since occurred to me that insufficient attention was drawn to another factor affecting the movement and growth of the glacier grain, namely the possibility of pressure melting, followed by regelation. There are numerous air spaces between glacier grains at all stages until they approach the state of pure ice, and it seems natural that while two neighbouring grains (which are continually moving differentially to one another) arc in contact, pressure melting, will take place, and that when the film of water reaches an air space it will refreeze. The effect will become less as the firn passes into ice owing to the decrease in the amount of air space and the increased interlocking, of the grains, which makes their differential movement more difficult. Naturally, also, pressure melting would not take place at those points in the glacier which were appreciably below freezing point.

scholarly journals [Report of the Secretary and Treasurer of the Royal Society]

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 235-244
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State

The Treasurer made the following statements with respect to the Number of Fellows, the State of the Finances, and the Receipts and Payments of the Society during the preceding year. At the last Anniversary, the Society consisted of 748 Members; of whom there were, 11 Royal Personages, 45 Foreign Members, and 692 Home Members.

scholarly journals XXVI. Report on a Communication from Dr Dyce of Aberdeen, to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, ‘On Uterine Irritation, and its Effects on the Female Constitution.’

1823 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dewar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Mental Powers

The communication received from Dr Dyce chiefly consists of a description of a singular affection of the nervous system, and mental powers, to which a girl of sixteen was subject immediately before puberty, and which disappeared when that state was fully established. It exemplifies the powerful influence of the state of the uterus on the mental faculties; but its chief value arises from some curious relations which it presents to the phenomena of mind, and which claim the attention of the practical metaphysician. The mental symptoms of this affection are among the number of those which are considered as uncommonly difficult of explanation. It is a case of mental disease, attended with some advantageous manifestations of the intellectual powers; and these manifestations disappearing in the same individual in the healthy state.

scholarly journals GANGGUAN KESEIMBANGAN AIR DAN NATRIUM SERTA PEMERIKSAAN OSMOLALITAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glady I. Rambert
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Freezing Point Depression

Abstract: Water distribution in each compartment of the body involves concentration of solutes in body fluids, and the amount of dissolved substance in a solvent called osmolality. Electrolyte that has the biggest contributor in determining the serum osmolality is sodium, which is osmotically active. Hipoosmolality actually describes the state of hyponatremia, and hyperosmolality describes the state of hypernatremia. Examination of plasma and urine osmolality is very helpful in the management of patients with water and electrolyte imbalance, in addition to assess the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) abnormalities. Urine osmolality is important in evaluating the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine, in addition to monitor the fluid and electrolyte balance. There are two ways of osmolality examination: 1) indirectly, by using osmometer (osmolality measurement) with a freezing point depression method; 2) directly, by using a formula (osmolality count).Keywords: water, sodium, osmolality, freezing point depression, osmolality countAbstrak: Distribusi air pada setiap kompartemen tubuh melibatkan kadar zat terlarut di dalam cairan tubuh, dan jumlah zat terlarut dalam suatu pelarut yang disebut osmolalitas. Elektrolit pemberi kontribusi terbesar dalam menentukan besarnya osmolalitas serum ialah natrium, yang aktif secara osmotik. Keadaan hipoosmolalitas sebenarnya menggambarkan keadaan hiponatremia, sebaliknya hiperosmolalitas menggambarkan keadaan hipernatremia. Pemeriksaan osmolalitas plasma dan urin sangat membantu penatalaksanaan pasien dengan gangguan keseimbangan air dan elektrolit, selain menilai kelainan antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Osmolalitas urin penting untuk mengetahui kemampuan ginjal memekatkan urin, selain memonitor keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Terdapat dua cara pemeriksaan osmolalitas yaitu: 1) secara tidak langsung menggunakan osmometer (osmolalitas ukur) dengan metode freezing point depression; 2) secara langsung dengan menggunakan rumus (osmolalitas hitung).Kata kunci: air, natrium, osmolalitas, freezing point depression, osmolalitas hitung

scholarly journals The Delegation of State Sovereignty over Air Space in the Implementation of Air Navigation: The Analysis of the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore on Management of the Batam and Natuna Flight Information Region

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Air Space ◽  
The Government ◽  
Air Navigation Services ◽  
Navigation Service

The state sovereignty over airspace with its complete and exclusive nature experiences a significant dynamic in both its concept and implementation in the international air law. Sovereignty over the airspace not only provides legislative, executive, and judicialauthorities of the state but also puts an obligation on the state to provide facilities for aviation safety. The reason for aviation safety airspace of a sovereign state can be delegated to other states to manage the service of navigation, for example, Indonesian air spaces in the Natuna and Batam, are maintained by Singapore for the sake of aviation safety. The taking over of the management of FIR in Batam and Natuna had been carried out through several steps. First, establishing Civil Military Aviation Coordination (CMAC) as outlined in the Government Regulation (Ministry of Transportation Regulation Number 55 on 2016) concerning the order of the national airspace. Second, evaluating the implementation of air navigation by reformulating the institutional of LPPNPI, evaluating the cooperation agreement between the Government of Indonesia and Singapore, and providing air navigation service during the transition period in Natuna Islands. Third, conducting the taking over concept phase by phase, in which the first phase, Singapore only provides air navigation service, while Indonesia only monitors. The second phase, Indonesia provides air navigation services, while Singapore only monitors, and for the third phase, as the final implementation, Indonesia provides air navigation services fully. Keywords: Delegation, Sovereignty, Air Space, Air Navigation, Agreement

scholarly journals Variations in the Sliding of a Temperate Glacier

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (69) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Temporary Storage ◽  
State Of Stress ◽  
Basal Sliding ◽  
Internal Deformation ◽  
Pressure Melting ◽  
Glacier Flow ◽  
Basal Shear

Detailed measurements of the positions of stakes along the center-line of the lower Nisqually Glacier were made over a period of two years. Variations in the basal sliding speed were calculated from the measured changes in surface speed, surface slope, and thickness, using the glacier flow model of Nye (1952) and allowing for the effect of the valley walls, longitudinal stress gradients, and uncertainties in the flow law of ice. The flow is predominantly by basal sliding and has a pronounced seasonal variation of approximately ±25%. Internal deformation contributes progressively less to the total motion with distance up-glacier. Neither the phase nor the magnitude of the seasonal velocity fluctuations can be accounted for by seasonal variations in the state of stress within the ice or at the bed, and the variations do not correlate directly with the melt-water discharge from the terminus. A seasonal wave in the ice flow travels down the glacier at a speed too high for propagation by internal deformation or the pressure melting/enhanced creep mechanism of basal sliding.The rate of sliding appears to be determined primarily by the amount of water in temporary storage in the glacier. The peak in sliding speed occurs, on the average, at the same time as the maximum liquid water storage of the South Cascade Glacier. The data support the idea that glaciers store water in the fall, winter and spring and then release it in the summer. This temporary storage may be greatest near the equilibrium line. The amount of stored water may increase over a period of years and be released catastrophically as a jökulhlaup. Any dependence of sliding on the basal shear stress is probably masked by the effect of variations in the hydrostatic pressure of water having access to the bed.

scholarly journals The growth of the Fellowship

1938 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Absolute

Unlike the Academies of Science in most other countries where they exist, the Royal Society is not restricted by the terms of its Charters in the number of candidates which may be admitted to the Fellowship. The selection and election of candidates is left to the absolute discretion of the President, Council and Fellows of the Society. The manner in which they have carried out this duty in the past is of special interest in studying the growth of the Society. From its foundation the Society was absolutely dependent upon its own resources, for it had neither a subvention from the State nor were its publications printed by an official printing press, advantages which other national academies have usually enjoyed. The subscriptions of its Fellows and occasional gifts and bequests were all that the Council could look to for meeting the growing expenses of the young Society. The development of an adequate membership was therefore imperative, and long engaged the Councils attention.

scholarly journals On some circumstances relating to the economy of bees

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compact Mass ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The One ◽  
Hollow Tree ◽  
As If

The author had already stated, in a former communication to the Royal Society, his having noticed that for several days previous to the settling of a swarm of bees in the cavity of a hollow tree adapted to their reception, a considerable number of these insects were incessantly employed in examining the state of the tree, and particularly of every dead knot above the cavity which appeared likely to admit water. He has since had an opportunity of observing that the bees who performed this task of inspection, instead of being the same individuals as he had formerly supposed, were in fact a continual succession of different bees; the whole number in the course of three days being such as to warrant the inference that not a single labouring bee ever emigrates in a swarm without having seen its proposed future habitation. He finds that the same applies not only to the place of permanent settlement, but also to that where the bees rest temporarily, soon after swarming, in order to collect their numbers. The swarms, which were the subjects of Mr. Knight’s experiments, showed a remarkable disposition to unite under the same queen. On one occasion a swarm, which had arisen from one of his hives, settled upon a bush at a distance of about twenty-five yards; but instead of collecting together into a compact mass, as they usually do, they remained thinly dispersed for nearly half an hour; after which, as if tired of waiting, they singly, one after the other, and not in obedience to any signal, arose and returned home. The next morning a swarm issued from a neighbouring hive, and proceeded to the same bush upon which the other bees had settled on the preceding day; collecting themselves into a mass, as they usually do when their queen is present. In a few minutes afterwards a very large assemblage of bees rushed from the hive from which the former swarm had issued, and proceeded directly to the one which had just settled, and instantly united with them. The author is led from these and other facts to conclude that such unions of swarms are generally, if not always, the result of previous concert and arrangement.

Exciting an Emulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-60
Author(s):  
Anton Howes
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
Government Revenue

This chapter discusses the Royal Society of Arts' promotion of commerce. It traces trade in the eighteenth century, which was closely tied to the coercive power of the state and was one of the principal sources of government revenue. It also describes trade as a tool for enriching a country at the expense of its neighbors, emphasizing the belief among rulers and politicians across Europe that it was essential to maximize a country's stock of specie. The chapter explains mercantilism as an attitude towards trade in which rivals were made to pay for exports, while as little as possible were spent on foreign imports. It also points out how mercantilist attitudes had geopolitical repercussions.

5. Notice of the State of the Open-Air Vegetation in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, during December 1863

1866 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
J. H. Balfour
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The State ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Open Ground

The state of the vegetation in the open ground of the Botanic Garden during the month of December 1863 was so very remarkable that I have been induced to submit a notice of it to the Royal Society. The number of phanerogamous species and varieties in flower during the month amounted to 245; of these 35 were spring-flowering plants which had anticipated their period of florescence, while the rest were summer and autumn flowers which had protracted their flowering beyond their usual limits.

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